Boston University Studies in Philosophy and Religion – Serie

Coming in the wake of momentous changes in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, Germany and the movement for democracy in China, Celebrating Peace presents original essays by thinkers and writers to provide reflections on peace that go beyond current events and point towards extending and building peace. This volume intends not only to celebrate peace but to contribute to an understanding of it through philosophical, theological and literary explorations.Contributors include:Part I: Just War, Perpetual Peace, and the Nation-StateJohn J. Gilligan, John H. Yoder, Sissela Bok, and Stephen ToulminPart II: Christian Conceptions of PeaceTrutz Rendtorff, Jurgen Moltmann, and Paul S. MinearPart II: Hindu and Buddhist Views of PeaceGerlad J. Larson, Ninian Smart, and Bhukhu ParekPart IV: Making Peace: Prophecy, protest and poetryDaniel Berrigan, S.J., and Denise Levertov

For centuries human beings have asked questions about what it is to be virtuous and how to teach goodness to the next generation. This volume contains 11 essays, written by highly regarded thinkers in the fields of theology, philosophy, and anthropology, which address the question: Can virtue be taught? Collectively these essays illuminate our current national dilemma over the problematic role of moral education in a pluralistic society; in addition they illustrate the positive role diversity plays in any discussion of virtues and education in our interdependent global community.Contributors: Huston Smith, Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, Bhikhu Parekh, Elizabeth Kamarck Minnich, Frederick J. Streng, Katherine Platt, Ninian Smart, Leroy S. Rouner, Robert Cummings Neville Sharon Daloz Parks, and George Rupp.

For centuries human beings have asked questions about what it is to be virtuous and how to teach goodness to the next generation. This volume contains 11 essays, written by highly regarded thinkers in the fields of theology, philosophy, and anthropology, which address the question: Can virtue be taught? Collectively these essays illuminate our current national dilemma over the problematic role of moral education in a pluralistic society; in addition they illustrate the positive role diversity plays in any discussion of virtues and education in our interdependent global community.Contributors: Huston Smith, Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, Bhikhu Parekh, Elizabeth Kamarck Minnich, Frederick J. Streng, Katherine Platt, Ninian Smart, Leroy S. Rouner, Robert Cummings Neville Sharon Daloz Parks, and George Rupp.

In the first section of this volume, the essayists begin by discussing happiness as a form of tranquility, desire, and blessedness. The second section deals with happiness in three major religious traditions: Jewish, Buddhist, and Confucian. The final section of In Pursuit of Happiness not only discusses happiness as a necessary component for knowledge, but includes a light-hearted philosophical essay that focuses on the long-ago baseball rivalry between the Cubs and the Red Sox.Happiness is a paradoxical thing. In our heart of hearts we all want to be happy, but we do not talk much about it, lest we seem sentimental or too optimistic. But what would happiness be like if we could find it? In the first section of this volume, the essayists begin by discussing happiness as a form of tranquility, desire, and blessedness. Charles L. Griswold provides a brief survey of the Western literature and concludes that tranquility is the definition of happiness. Margaret R. Miles emphasizes the role of the body in human happiness, turning to Augustine for an understanding of happiness as desire, and Huston Smith reflects on blessedness, beginning with a philosophical analysis of human experience and concluding with a theological affirmation about transcendence.The second section deals with happiness in three major religious traditions. Michael Fishbane articulates the dynamic tensions between law and spirit in which the Jewish sense of spiritual joy is generated. Robert A. F. Thurman's essay on "The Buddha's Smile" claims that enlightenment is happiness in the Buddhist tradition. Tu Wei-ming discusses the Confucian view of happiness, noting that "the fundamental concern of the Confucian tradition is learning to be human."The third section deals with various issues regarding the meaning and even the uses of happiness. Leroy S. Rouner explores the thesis that ecstasy, the ultimate form of human happiness, is the necessary context for a certain type of knowledge. Ruth L. Smith presents a dialogue with Reinhold Niebuhr, exploring the relationship between happiness and what Niebuhr called "the uneasy conscience." William M. Sullivan examines the possibility of happiness inherent in the promise of professionalism. And James R. Langford provides a light-hearted philosophical piece on happiness that focuses on the long-ago baseball rivalry between the Cubs and the Red Sox.

Focusing on the contemporary experience of cultural and religious pluralism, the authors in this volume work toward a reconception of the basic concepts in philosophy of religion—the idea of God and the religious ways of knowing that idea—as historically dynamic.Eliot Deutsch argues that aesthetic and religious considerations are not peripheral to philosophy but are at the heart of the philosophic enterprise. Cornel West shows how recent developments in American philosophy, particularly in the work of Quine, Goodman, and Sellars, have opened up the possibility of a historicist philosophy of religion. After reviewing some of the fundamental defenses for belief in God in his neoclassical theism, Charles Hartshorne elaborates the argument from order and the argument from the rational aim. J.N. Findlay insists that the philosophy of religion is itself part of religious knowing, and so, that there can be no radical distinction between philosophic method and personal religious belief. Ninian Smart proposes a "soft epistemology" in dealing with religious matters.Anthony Flew and Kai Nielsen represent longstanding criticism of the philosophy of religion. Naomi R. Goldenberg looks for a salvific religious message in psychoanalysis and feminism. Gordon D. Kaufman's "Reconceiving God for a Nuclear Age" criticizes traditional conceptions of God from within the Christian tradition.In a study of meaninglessness in the modern world, Wolfhart Pannenberg argues that religious consciousness deals explicitly with the totality of meaning implicit in all everyday experience. Langdon Gilkey considers the creationist controversy as it was argued in the Arkansas courts in 1981. Leroy S. Rouner examines the significance of Tillich's doctrine of the Fall as a contribution to interreligious understanding. Jurgen Moltmann finds in Ernst Bloch's atheism a particular challenge to Jewish and Christian theology.

The authors of The Longing for Home explore the notion that home is both a place and a condition of the spirit. While a person may have a place that is home, he or she may also be nostalgic for an inner spiritual home which beckons even as it lies beyond the human grasp. Essays by Elie Wiesel, Werner Gundersheimer, and Frederick Buechner complete part one. Part two focuses on philosophical explorations of the meaning of home.

The authors of The Longing for Home explore the notion that home is both a place and a condition of the spirit. While a person may have a place that is home, he or she may also be nostalgic for an inner spiritual home which beckons even as it lies beyond the human grasp. Essays by Elie Wiesel, Werner Gundersheimer, and Frederick Buechner complete part one. Part two focuses on philosophical explorations of the meaning of home.

Do myths and symbols have anything at all to tell us about reality? Or do they simply deserve to be relegated to the realm of fantastic unreality? The essayists in this volume deploy all the critical tools available in the task of taking myth and symbol seriously. They are not willing to consign the use of the symbolic to the logician or to relinquish the mythical to the comparative anthropologist as something of historical interest only. Instead, they strive for that difficult position that is guided by criticism but is still open to wonder in the face of what myth and symbol offer in terms of enrichment, meaning, and self-transcendence.

The distinction between meaning and truth has become a critical issue for contemporary philosophy of religion. These essays by eminent scholars express a concern not only with the logic of religious belief and the effect of social context on religious meaning, but with the truth-claim concerning the reality of God.

In this tenth volume of the highly respected Boston University Studies in Philosophy and Religion series, contributors explore new approaches to the role of freedom in the contemporary world. It is clear that the idea of freedom has progressed with autonomous selfhood. But it is not yet evident how freedom is to be understood or promoted in a context where economic, political, cultural, and religious issues demand both pluralism and globalization.The essays consider three major areas of the debate. The first group of essays is concerned with the relation of Christian thought to freedom in the post-Christian age. Philosophical reconstructions of the idea of freedom are the focus of Part II, which investigates how the past and present can be used to create a new idea of freedom. Part III explores the possibility that individual selves are no more autonomous that they are social and asks the question: "What can we learn about the freedom of the self from contemporary social philosophies like Marxism and feminism and the unprecedented phenomenon of manmade mass death?"Contributors: Nicholas Lash, Jürgen Moltmann, David W. Tracy, and Robert C. Neville on Theologies of Freedom; John E. Smith, Frithof Bergmann, James R. Langford, and J.N. Mohanty on Philosophies of Freedom; Louis Dupré, Ruth L. Smith, and Edith Wyschogrod on Freedom in Society.

This volume of the Boston University Studies in Philosophy and Religion addresses the meaning of selfhood. The eleven contributors explore this urgent question by reshaping fundamental ideas of the self in such varied fields as theology, biology, psychoanalysis, and political philosophy.The meaning of selfhood has become an urgent question, largely in reaction to the radical individualism in which many modern Western notions of selfhood have been cast. The eleven contributors to Selves, People, and Persons reshape fundamental ideas of the self in such varied fields as theology, biology, psychoanalysis, and political philosophy. Nearly all of them agree that selves are always to be understood in relation to the communities of which they are a part.

This volume of the Boston University Studies in Philosophy and Religion addresses the meaning of selfhood. The eleven contributors explore this urgent question by reshaping fundamental ideas of the self in such varied fields as theology, biology, psychoanalysis, and political philosophy.The meaning of selfhood has become an urgent question, largely in reaction to the radical individualism in which many modern Western notions of selfhood have been cast. The eleven contributors to Selves, People, and Persons reshape fundamental ideas of the self in such varied fields as theology, biology, psychoanalysis, and political philosophy. Nearly all of them agree that selves are always to be understood in relation to the communities of which they are a part.

A collection of essays on the problems of comparative studies of religions and cultures. Methodology and specific religious cultures are examined.

In this lively conversation on an increasingly significant theme, major philosophers and religious scholars argue the issue on three levels. The first is manners: Henry Rosemont argues the Confucian case that manners are the substance of social relations, while Edwin Delattre and Adam Seligman believe that the issue is deeper than that; and the sociologist Alan Wolfe is persuaded that we are not less civil or ill-mannered than our predecessors. Secondly, as a social issue, James Schmidt, Lawrence Cahoone, and Adam Seligman turn to questions of structure and meaning in a civil society; Ninian Smart, David Wong, and Virginia Straus put the issue in a cross-cultural context; Stephen Toulmin describes the corruption of civility by dogmatism; and Carrie Doehring warns that civility may be a barrier to honest communication in family life. Finally, the metaphysical and religious dimensions of civility are explored by Robert Pippin, Adam McClellan, and Daniel Dahlstrom.There seems to be a consensus that the lack of civility is, indeed, an increasing problem, that it is more than a class issue of manners; and that its current loss is troubling for contemporary society.

In this lively conversation on an increasingly significant theme, major philosophers and religious scholars argue the issue on three levels. The first is manners: Henry Rosemont argues the Confucian case that manners are the substance of social relations, while Edwin Delattre and Adam Seligman believe that the issue is deeper than that; and the sociologist Alan Wolfe is persuaded that we are not less civil or ill-mannered than our predecessors. Secondly, as a social issue, James Schmidt, Lawrence Cahoone, and Adam Seligman turn to questions of structure and meaning in a civil society; Ninian Smart, David Wong, and Virginia Straus put the issue in a cross-cultural context; Stephen Toulmin describes the corruption of civility by dogmatism; and Carrie Doehring warns that civility may be a barrier to honest communication in family life. Finally, the metaphysical and religious dimensions of civility are explored by Robert Pippin, Adam McClellan, and Daniel Dahlstrom.There seems to be a consensus that the lack of civility is, indeed, an increasing problem, that it is more than a class issue of manners; and that its current loss is troubling for contemporary society.

Coming in the wake of momentous changes in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, Germany and the movement for democracy in China, Celebrating Peace presents original essays by thinkers and writers to provide reflections on peace that go beyond current events and point towards extending and building peace. This volume intends not only to celebrate peace but to contribute to an understanding of it through philosophical, theological and literary explorations.Contributors include:Part I: Just War, Perpetual Peace, and the Nation-StateJohn J. Gilligan, John H. Yoder, Sissela Bok, and Stephen ToulminPart II: Christian Conceptions of PeaceTrutz Rendtorff, Jurgen Moltmann, and Paul S. MinearPart II: Hindu and Buddhist Views of PeaceGerlad J. Larson, Ninian Smart, and Bhukhu ParekPart IV: Making Peace: Prophecy, protest and poetryDaniel Berrigan, S.J., and Denise Levertov

This timely book brings together ten scholars in the varied fields of philosophy, theology, history, anthropology, and literature to reflect on the theme of courage. Contributors to this volume agree that courage is not just for the few or the dramatically heroic. While some of the authors do invoke awe-inspiring instances of death-defying courage, all recognize that courage is required of every one of us.The first section of Courage, entitled "Courage in Philosophy and Literature," begins with William Desmond's exploration of the transcendent dimension of courage, which comes to us not from within ourselves but from beyond ourselves. Leroy Rouner's essay utilizes Paul Tillich's interpretation of faith as courage in The Courage to Be and then goes on to suggest that original sin be understood in today's terms as ontological loneliness. Remi Brague, following Nietzsche, finds that the virtue called for in modern times is intellectual honesty—the courage to face the truth. Geoffrey Hill's essay looks at depictions of courage in the writings of Shakespeare and his immediate predecessors. Philip Ivanhoe suggests that Aristotle's understanding of courage can be deepened by the writings of the Confucian thinker Mengzi (Mencius), who insisted that "great courage"—courage directed toward morally praiseworthy ends—is the result of a continuing process of self-cultivation.The second section, "Courage in War, Peace, and Nation Building," includes John Taylor's study of courage in wartime, which focuses particularly on Robert E. Lee and his courage. Daniel Berrigan's piece, on the other hand, finds in the famous Isaiah text "And they will hammer their swords into plowshares" a summons to peace making. Lucius Outlaw calls for courage from each of us in constructing a multiracial, multiethnic democracy with "justice for all.""Courage Every Day" is the theme of the final section. Robert Neville illuminates the many varieties of courage called for each day of our lives, including the courage to dare, the courage of self-identity, the courage to love, and the courage to be alone. Katherine Platt concludes these explorations of courage with the hope-inspiring suggestion that courage is a habit we can practice.

Just when we need them the most, our ethical resources seem least clear and reliable. Hence our search for foundations of ethics. Our intent in this volume has not been to solve any specific moral problem, but to explore basic issues: the prospects for a rational ethic; the relation between ethics and a religious mythos; the challenge of non-Western ethical values; problems raised by the practice of confession, the evaluation of privacy, the ubiquity of science, and more. We obviously have not explored all the foundation issues. We cannot even claim that the ones we have explored are always the most significant. We do claim, however, that these explorations give a vivid picture of our ethical dilemma, and present some of the best thinking currently being done. —from the Introduction

In the first section of this volume, the essayists begin by discussing happiness as a form of tranquility, desire, and blessedness. The second section deals with happiness in three major religious traditions: Jewish, Buddhist, and Confucian. The final section of In Pursuit of Happiness not only discusses happiness as a necessary component for knowledge, but includes a light-hearted philosophical essay that focuses on the long-ago baseball rivalry between the Cubs and the Red Sox.Happiness is a paradoxical thing. In our heart of hearts we all want to be happy, but we do not talk much about it, lest we seem sentimental or too optimistic. But what would happiness be like if we could find it? In the first section of this volume, the essayists begin by discussing happiness as a form of tranquility, desire, and blessedness. Charles L. Griswold provides a brief survey of the Western literature and concludes that tranquility is the definition of happiness. Margaret R. Miles emphasizes the role of the body in human happiness, turning to Augustine for an understanding of happiness as desire, and Huston Smith reflects on blessedness, beginning with a philosophical analysis of human experience and concluding with a theological affirmation about transcendence.The second section deals with happiness in three major religious traditions. Michael Fishbane articulates the dynamic tensions between law and spirit in which the Jewish sense of spiritual joy is generated. Robert A. F. Thurman's essay on "The Buddha's Smile" claims that enlightenment is happiness in the Buddhist tradition. Tu Wei-ming discusses the Confucian view of happiness, noting that "the fundamental concern of the Confucian tradition is learning to be human."The third section deals with various issues regarding the meaning and even the uses of happiness. Leroy S. Rouner explores the thesis that ecstasy, the ultimate form of human happiness, is the necessary context for a certain type of knowledge. Ruth L. Smith presents a dialogue with Reinhold Niebuhr, exploring the relationship between happiness and what Niebuhr called "the uneasy conscience." William M. Sullivan examines the possibility of happiness inherent in the promise of professionalism. And James R. Langford provides a light-hearted philosophical piece on happiness that focuses on the long-ago baseball rivalry between the Cubs and the Red Sox.

What does "death" really mean? Is there life after death? Is that idea even intelligible?Despite our constant confrontation with death there has been little serious philosophical reflection on the meaning of death and even less on the classical question of immortality. Popular books on "death and dying" abound, but they are largely manuals for dying with composure, or individual "near death" experiences of light at the end of the tunnel.This lively conversation includes various views on these matters, from John Lachs's gentle but firm insistence that the notion of immortality is philosophically unintelligible, to Jürgen Moltmann's brave and careful examination of various arguments for what happens to us when we die. David Roochnik searches the Platonic dialogues for a metaphorical immortality which might satisfy the human longing for some meaning which does not die with us. Aaron Garrett traces the naturalization of the idea of immortality from Scotus to Locke in the history of Western philosophy, and David Schmidtz offers autobiographical reflections in shaping his philosophy of life's meaning. David Eckel takes us through a synopsis of Buddhist ideas on these issues, and Brian Jorgensen offers a response. Rita Rouner uses the poems she wrote after the death of her son to chronicle a survivor's struggle with life and death. Peter Gomes casts a critical eye on our death rituals, and defends a classical Christian view of death and immortality, while Wendy Doniger examines the literature on those who were offered immortality by the gods and chose instead to remain mortal.

What does "death" really mean? Is there life after death? Is that idea even intelligible?Despite our constant confrontation with death there has been little serious philosophical reflection on the meaning of death and even less on the classical question of immortality. Popular books on "death and dying" abound, but they are largely manuals for dying with composure, or individual "near death" experiences of light at the end of the tunnel.This lively conversation includes various views on these matters, from John Lachs's gentle but firm insistence that the notion of immortality is philosophically unintelligible, to Jürgen Moltmann's brave and careful examination of various arguments for what happens to us when we die. David Roochnik searches the Platonic dialogues for a metaphorical immortality which might satisfy the human longing for some meaning which does not die with us. Aaron Garrett traces the naturalization of the idea of immortality from Scotus to Locke in the history of Western philosophy, and David Schmidtz offers autobiographical reflections in shaping his philosophy of life's meaning. David Eckel takes us through a synopsis of Buddhist ideas on these issues, and Brian Jorgensen offers a response. Rita Rouner uses the poems she wrote after the death of her son to chronicle a survivor's struggle with life and death. Peter Gomes casts a critical eye on our death rituals, and defends a classical Christian view of death and immortality, while Wendy Doniger examines the literature on those who were offered immortality by the gods and chose instead to remain mortal.

This timely book brings together distinguished scholars who reflect on the fascination and fear that humans inevitably experience when confronted with diverse religious beliefs and practices. Contributors argue that fear of the "stranger" and his or her religion can only be overcome through education, and they suggest ways in which we can better understand one another and the world in which we live.The first part of the collection, entitled "Talking with Strangers," explores avenues for finding common ground between "religious strangers." In this set of essays Stephen Prothero examines the American reception of Hinduism, John de Gruchy analyzes the relationship between Christianity, Judaism, and Islam in South Africa, and Bhikhu Parekh imagines a dialogue between Osama bin Laden and Mahatma Gandhi. The second set of essays addresses the theme of understanding difference, with a particular focus on methodological approaches within philosophy of religion. Wendy Doniger argues for an approach to cross-cultural studies that recognizes both the similarities and the differences between us and the other, and that encourages us to think and feel with the alien tradition. Eliot Deutsch advocates a pluralistic approach to religion that encourages cross-religious dialogue. Robert Neville's essay challenges the tendency to view other religions through a lens shaped by one's own faith tradition. The final set of essays discusses religious conversions and converts. It includes a piece by John Carman on conversion from Hinduism to Christianity, an essay by Werner Gundersheimer on crossing the border between Christianity and Judaism, and Pravrajika Vrajaprana's description of her experience as a Caucasian American who became a Hindu nun.Collectively these essays reveal the importance of learning about, listening to, and empathizing with the "stranger's religion." This book will appeal to anyone who is interested in cross-religious and cultural dialogue.

This timely book brings together distinguished scholars who reflect on the fascination and fear that humans inevitably experience when confronted with diverse religious beliefs and practices. Contributors argue that fear of the "stranger" and his or her religion can only be overcome through education, and they suggest ways in which we can better understand one another and the world in which we live.The first part of the collection, entitled "Talking with Strangers," explores avenues for finding common ground between "religious strangers." In this set of essays Stephen Prothero examines the American reception of Hinduism, John de Gruchy analyzes the relationship between Christianity, Judaism, and Islam in South Africa, and Bhikhu Parekh imagines a dialogue between Osama bin Laden and Mahatma Gandhi. The second set of essays addresses the theme of understanding difference, with a particular focus on methodological approaches within philosophy of religion. Wendy Doniger argues for an approach to cross-cultural studies that recognizes both the similarities and the differences between us and the other, and that encourages us to think and feel with the alien tradition. Eliot Deutsch advocates a pluralistic approach to religion that encourages cross-religious dialogue. Robert Neville's essay challenges the tendency to view other religions through a lens shaped by one's own faith tradition. The final set of essays discusses religious conversions and converts. It includes a piece by John Carman on conversion from Hinduism to Christianity, an essay by Werner Gundersheimer on crossing the border between Christianity and Judaism, and Pravrajika Vrajaprana's description of her experience as a Caucasian American who became a Hindu nun.Collectively these essays reveal the importance of learning about, listening to, and empathizing with the "stranger's religion." This book will appeal to anyone who is interested in cross-religious and cultural dialogue.