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China Political Reports 1960-1971 is the second of two collections which have been established as an integrated series by the editor Robert L. Jarman, F.R.G.S. The documents are listed in detail at the front of each volume and source references given for the benefit of scholars. These three new volumes publish the periodic political reports received from China by the British Foreign Office for the decade 1961-1970. The materials fall into the following categories, subject to some variation in the evolving titles and formats of the reports: Annual Reports; Peking Fortnightly Summaries; Peking Observations; Shanghai Summaries; Occasional Reviews. In this period is the recovery from the 'Great Leap Forward' and the main thrust of the 'Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution' which two events alone would sustain research for years to come but also within this period are the huge foreign relations disputes that grew out of the complications of the cold war.
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The documents focus on two different types of borders; those that coincided with the British Mandate for Palestine, and the lines that resulted from the war-won divisions of land following the 1949 cease-fire and the final location of the opposing armies. The armistice lines basically followed the course of mandate boundaries with Transjordan, Syria and Lebanon with small modifications. The operative border between Israel and Jordan on the West Bank was based exclusively on an armistice line that had no geographical or historical foundations; other complications arose because of the vagueness of the original definitions of the mandatory boundaries. The major events, in this period, which established Israel´s modern borders were the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan, the war that followed the creation of Israel in 1948 and the subsequent United Nations Armistice Agreements negotiated between Israel and each of its Arab neighbours: Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt.
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In celebration of the 25 years of Bahrain independence in 1971, Archive Editions presents an impressive collection of previously scattered historic maps and charts of Bahrain island and the surrounding territories. This collection comprises 69 surveys, charts and plans of Bahrain, many in colour, including the complete island and surrounding waters and islands. The publication makes valuable maps available which were previously unknown or inaccessible and is particularly important because of its diversity of sources including some private collections. It begins in 1817 with the first ever mention of Muharraq City on a map and finishes in 1970 with the last maps made before independence. It includes the first ever town plans of Manama and Muharraq to be compiled by the Government of Bahrain, and the first ever accurate land survey of the Hawar islands. There is also a detailed commentary on each map in a separate booklet.
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Much has been written on the life of Abdul Aziz bin ´Abdurahman Al-Faisal Al-Sa´ud, one of the most successful, admired and dynamic of Arab leaders to emerge in the first half of the 20th century. Abdul Aziz was in exile with his father from 1892-1901, and had to recapture areas previously held by the Al-Sa´ud dynasty. From 1902-1912 he gathered loyal tribes and incorporated the Akhwan belief-system under his standard, drove back the Turks from al-Hasa in 1913, proceeded with the conquest of the remainder of Najd over 1914-1923, then Hijaz, 1924-25, and Asir, 1926. From 1926 to his death in 1953 he reigned as King, first of Nejd-Hijaz and then the unified state of Saudi Arabia. This set presents original documents from British official sources arranged by issues to depict the methods, policy decisions and diplomatic skills demonstrated by Abdul Aziz in forging a strong, unified State.
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This collection of primary documents establishes a comprehensive series of despatches, in the main from the British Consul in Shanghai to the British Ambassador to China, based usually in Peking, but in the 1930s based in Shanghai itself. There is regular information on the government of the Settlement, and reports on the opium trade; there are extended reports, in 1856, on the continuing Taiping Rebellion, and later, reports on the Sino-Japanese War over the control of Korea. From 1901-11 reports include: the Boxer Rebellion; commentary on the French Settlement; anti-government conspirators in Shanghai; the Russo-Japanese War; the Shanghai tramway system; the bubonic plague in Shanghai; the Chinese Revolution of 1911-12; British intelligence reports on German activities, 1914-18; and in the mid-1920s, telegrams reflect the impact of the Civil War in China, and report 'the Shanghai incident'. The collection ends with the winding up of the Settlement under wartime Japanese occupation.
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This comprehensive collection of facsimile original British Government documents details the history of the Emirates between 1961 and 1965; the key events are covered in greater detail than in the related collection for 1820-1960. They include: inter-emirate boundary questions which were increasingly disputed as the position of oil deposits became clearer; OPEC were involved when Sheikh Shakbut of Abu Dhabi refused to sign the 50-50 agreement; the relocation of Ras-al Khaimah, which was being submerged, was addressed with funds from Kuwait and Abu Dhabi; in 1964 the Arab League Mission visited as did the Arab League Gulf Committee in 1965 and caused a flurry of diplomatic activity on the part of the British who wished to remain central to the foreign policy of the Emirates; and Iran was involved in a dispute over territorial waters with Ajman fishermen operating out of Kuwait.
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The three Records of the Emirates titles, of which this is the most recent, combine to create a large collection which provides facsimile copies of the key documents reflecting the developments of the United Arab Emirates from 1820 to modern times. The collections offer historical evidence for the political, economic and social evolution of the seven Emirates. The period 1966-1971 witnessed important changes in the history of the United Arab Emirates. As Great Britain moved to extricate itself from a sustained presence of 150 years' duration, through which it had been responsible for the various emirates' external affairs, numerous controls were gradually transferred. The theory that the city states could resist regional absorption only if they banded together had become a platform of the British withdrawal policy. The new subject of the unification of the Emirates, and the process, is covered in detail.
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Early volumes reveal the legendary fascination of ´Arabia Felix´ (as the Yemen was once known), the competition of European powers for the coffee trade and the arrival of the British, by force, in Aden in 1839. The later volumes show the political instability of the post-war period which was to lead to the departure of the British in 1967. For much of the modern period the volumes provide evidence for the development of the Imamate in the north, the Aden Colony and Protectorate in the south, the impact of the British and Ottoman empires, and the complex political relations between Sana´a and Aden. The documents trace the ferment of conflict and shifting allegiances between the tribes. Negotiations and treaties on boundary affairs are examined in detail and the Saudi-Yemeni flashpoints of the twentieth century are fully covered. The collection is magnificent - illustrated with historic prints, photographs, colour plates and full-colour maps.
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The definitive document collection comprising some 10,000 pages of detailed British Government records on Jordanian relations with neighbour states providing invaluable background for study of the modern Middle East. Records of Jordan 1919-1965 provides documentary evidence of key events and issues in the first forty-five years of Jordanian history including: the creation of Transjordan; the formation of boundaries with Syria and Iraq; boundaries with Hijaz and Nejd and relations with Ibn Saud; the reigns of Abdullah and Talal, and later the reign of King Hussein; post-war relations with Arab states, US and Britain; the relationship between King Hussein and President Nasser; the status of Jerusalem; Jordan Valley water problems; concerns with the Baghdad Pact, the Arab League and the United Nations; the role of King Hussein in the Arab-Israel conflict; issues concerning the creation of the PLO; regular detailed information on King Hussein´s administration and personal survival.
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The documents in this collection recall the decisive events in the historical record and provide evidence of the shaping of Islamic relations and policies. The contents include diplomatic correspondence and reports describing the following: the Young Turks movement and political events in Turkey before WWI; affairs of the Caliphate and the Sherif of Mecca; the rise to power of Ibn Saud, subsequently King Abdul Aziz; affairs of Islamic groups, including the Akhwan; the Senoussi; the Druses; etc; 1919 Peace Conference arrangements and implications for the Muslim world; the fall of Hejaz and Mecca to Ibn Saud, 1925; 'first Moslem Congress,' 1926; pan-Islamic movements in the 1920s, and others, including Wahhabism, Mahdism; the Palestine question and the Arab cause, 1930s; the Muslim Brotherhood after World War Two; India-Pakistan relations, 1940s et seq and events in Algeria, 1956 et seq. Notes on Shia relations are found for various places and periods.
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This publication organises and presents for the first time an extensive collection of letters from and to the Saudi leader reflecting the evolution over fifty years of his status, authority, style and statesmanship. For the most part, the letters are in both Arabic and English. The first items date from the years after his fabled recapture of Riyadh in 1902, when Abdul Aziz emerged as Amir of Nejd. The last letters are from the year of King Abdul Aziz´s death, 1953. In between there are such historical highlights as the resistance to the Turks culminating in their defeat and removal; relations with the Sharif of Mecca; correspondence with Philby; relations with Al-Rashid, tribal raiding and the problems of controlling the Ikhwan; relations with Hijaz; the boundary with Jordan; regional politics with Iraq, Kuwait and Yemen; and in the later years, concerns with customs, oil exploitation and development.
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This collection of documents has been brought together in an attempt to add a depth of understanding to consideration of the ethnic conflicts within the Balkan region over the last 150 years. It is wide-ranging in its coverage of the position and treatment of ethnic minorities within the Balkan states and beyond. It will be discovered that within each state is a minority of some kind with a degree of persecution formed against them, whether they be Jews, Magyars, Circassians, Muslims, Christians or former residents of a different country such as Greeks in Turkey or Albanians in Greece. The rationale for commencing this work at 1860 is to illustrate the position of various populations and ethnic groups prior to the Congress of Berlin (1878), after which their situation worsened considerably as a result of territorial adjustments based on political and nationalistic considerations rather than ethnicity.
Minorities in the Middle East: Muslim Minorities in Arab Countries 1843-1973 4 Hardback Book Set
2019
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These four volumes, concerning Muslim minority communities from 1843 to 1973, consist of contemporary political despatches, correspondence and reports composed by British diplomats, some of whom were resident in the country under debate. The papers are written very clearly from a British perspective, but this authoritative voice of government allows us an insight into high politics at a time when the British were inextricably involved in the government of the Middle East. The documents provide information and insight, but what is also evident, from even a quick reading, is the extent to which the position and treatment of minority cultures is a central consideration in achieving peace and good governance. Perhaps inevitably the material concerning minorities is partial and unsatisfactory in some ways; but taken together these volumes provide a continuity of evidence for how little has changed from historical to modern times.
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These original dispatches, correspondence and reports record aspects of the Kurdish situation, starting from the period following the First World War. Although the Kurdish peoples are numerous, their aspirations for unity and independence have been repressed by the dominant regimes in the region, effectively minoritising the Kurds within a group of established states. Since the end of the First World War, the former Ottoman Kurdistan has been administered by five sovereign states: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and the former Soviet Union. In 1918, Kurdish hopes for an independent Kurdistan provided for by the Treaty of Sevres (1920) were quashed by the constitution of modern Turkey, founded by Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk), and by the division of Kurdistan between Turkey, Syria and Iraq by the French and British, formalised in the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.
Minorities in the Middle East: Jewish Communities in Arab Countries 1841-1974 6 Volume Hardback Set
2019
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These documents explore the arrangements and conditions for Jewish communities living under Islam. The situation of Jewish communities has varied according to the country of habitation and the particular time period although it is thought generally to have deteriorated from 1800 with the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Up to 1948 more than a million Jews lived in the Muslim countries of the Middle East. By 1992, excluding the non-Arab states of Turkey and Iran, the number was only c.20,000. Although they cover more than 100 years the papers do not form a continuous record of events but rather provide a series of snapshots of history from which it is possible to ascertain something of the contemporary position of Jewish communities at particular points. Geographically the collection covers the Arab Middle East and the Maghreb countries, but excludes the (non-Arab) states of Turkey and Iran.
102 553 kr
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This publication provides a virtually complete collection of British diplomatic reports on Japan from 1906 to 1970, previously unknown, inaccessible or withheld. The reports detail the phase of imperial expansion and the territorial conflicts with Russia and China are clearly documented and analysed from the British diplomatic viewpoint. The most detailed narrative refers to relations with the British, including the question of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1921, and political and economic questions throughout the pre-war and modern period. The post-war reports make numerous observations on Japanese-American relations, particularly during the period of US occupation. Economic reports are found regularly from 1930 to 1963, and cover budget affairs, industrial production, shipping and trade figures as well as comment and analysis. The pre-war reports examine Japan's capacity to finance the continuous military activity of the 1930s; later reports reflect the dynamic post-war economic recovery, and the formation and organisation of trade unions.
Minorities in the Middle East: Religious Communities in Jerusalem 1843-1974 4 Volume Hardback Set
2019
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This is the second of the new document collections available as part of the multi-part set Minorities in the Middle East. In these four volumes the selection of documents combines to give an overview of the interplay within and between the different faiths existing in Jerusalem. These pages contain documents exploring the treatment and position of the diverse religious minorities within Jerusalem and more generally in Israel after 1948. Historically, relations between Muslims and non-Muslims have varied according to political events. Within the confines of Jerusalem and its environs the many different claims of the main faiths of Islam, Judaism and Christianity to parts of the city have exacerbated the effects of the political climate. Furthermore, struggles for rights to minority worship within the state have been diverted as rivalries between churches, particularly within the Christian church, have divided congregations.
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These four volumes consist of original political despatches, correspondence and reports, which describe events affecting the Druzes of Syria and Lebanon from the time of Ottoman rule under Bashir II, through the Turkish rule of Lebanon under the double Kaimakamship, the 1860 massacre of the Christians and the tensions in the aftermath that persisted through to the occupation of Lebanon by the French and British during WWI. The documents record the period of the French Mandate, and events leading up to the Druze Rebellion of 1925. The final volume tracks the history of the Druzes in the mid-twentieth century from the perspective of Anglo-French relations up to and during the Second World War, noting the power struggles of the leading Druze families, and describing the situation in the Jebel Druze, the Druze position with regard to Palestine and Israel, and finally the position of the Druze communities within Israel.
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This publication has its origin in the desire to make available the mass of material in the Arabic language from the files of the British Political Agency, Kuwait. The Arabic texts preserved in these files form a rich and interesting source for reading and research. The volume and range of material is extensive, the majority consisting of correspondence that passed between the Ruler and the Political Agency. Although the Agreement between Kuwait and Great Britain, (23 January 1899), gave the British no right to intervene in domestic affairs, many of the letters and reports concern internal matters such as pearling, trade, banking, Islamic and legal affairs and oil negotiations. A larger number, however, deal with tribal disturbances, Wahhabi incursions, the ruling family's date gardens in Basra, smuggling and other issues involving Kuwait's external affairs and, in particular relations with neighbours in what are today Iraq and Saudi Arabia.
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This 16-volume work presents a comprehensive collection of British administrative reports and associated documents, including extensive material hitherto unknown and unpublished. The series includes the pre-Mandate reports of 1918-1923, the Mandate and Departmental Annual Reports from 1923-1947/8, including the unpublished Mandate Reports for 1940 and 1941, the extensive Survey of Palestine 1946/47 and the formal papers covering the termination of the Mandate in 1948. The first document reproduced is Allenby´s instructions on the military government of Palestine at the beginning of British rule; it is fitting that the very last document reproduced should be the dispatch describing the final departure of the British High Commissioner, marking the end of the British administration of Palestine. This is an essential research source for information on British administration in Palestine and Transjordan, on the continuous tensions of the period between the Arab and Jewish populations, on civil disorders and the eventual unworkability of the Mandate.
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In Autumn 1995 the Saudi-Yemeni border constituted Arabia´s last indeterminate territorial limit, with the exception of its westernmost stretches, from the Red Sea to Najran, settled by a treaty of 1934. Talks between the Riyadh and Sana´a Governments on the unresolved border question had been intermittently in progress since July 1992. In February 1995 the two states signed a memorandum of understanding reaffirming the provision of the 1934 Treaty of Taif. The Treaty was formally renewed in June 1995, providing for a re-demarcation of the westernmost boundary and establishing a procedural framework for the settlement of the remainder of the boundary further east. The documents provide a wide historical context in which to view the efforts to finalise the political map of the south-western peninsula. Any settlement finally reached between Saudi Arabia and Yemen will need to take full account of critical factors which have shaped the history of their borderlands.
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This two-volume set of documents and maps provides the historical background appropriate to understanding the present Balkan crisis. It makes available the essential historical texts and maps determining the formation of boundaries in the Kosovo region. Treaties, political reports and diplomatic correspondence have been selected from British government files to show the main historical developments in territorial relations between Albania, Kosovo, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Greece. The collection begins with the rise of Balkan nationalism in the mid-nineteenth century. This important period establishes the basis for much of the modern conflict between the Balkan States. The collection ends with the provisional Government of Albania set up in 1944, turning away from its original close links with Yugoslavia, fearing Yugoslav expansionism, and seeking alliances with China and other Communist powers.
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Some 3000 pages of primary source material contain a detailed study of activist movements and personalities, researched from British Government archives, relating to twentieth-century subversive groups and individuals in the Middle East. The coverage includes major categories of Arab nationalists and pan-Arabists with aspirations to Arab unity, as well as activists with specific territorial demands and other anti-régime dissidents. Rather than a political history of any one region, it instead attempts to supplement and to raise questions about the usual accounts of events. Leading figures, and unknown or previously unremarked participants, and organisations both large and small, are traced against the unfolding events of the twentieth century. The many groups referred to include: Society for Arab Revival; Young Turks; Lebanese Revival; Al-Fatah; Reform Society of Basra; Arab Revolutionary Society; Palestine Arab Party; Todamun al-Akhawi; Druse rebels; Shakib Arslan; the Liberation Society; Iraq Independence Party; Arab Ba´ath Movement; Moslem Brotherhood; Omani Revolution Council.
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The purpose of this document collection is to establish, from the historical record, the diplomatic and cartographic background to the Balkan zone of territorial and ethnic conflict. The primary focus of the work is on the internal boundaries of Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia rather than on their relationships with states on their outer periphery. The Editor has sought to provide documentary evidence at the main watersheds of history between the end of the Napoleonic era and the end of the Second World War. Since then, as Tito's régime established itself, the international community has been able to gain few documentary traces of internal Yugoslav administration. This publication offers, therefore, a survey of the great imperial shift of the Balkan territories in the nineteenth century, from the Ottoman to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and of the creation of the twentieth-century kingdom, subsequently the republic, of Yugoslavia. Text and maps support each other closely.
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This collection of documents and maps provides scholars with an independent research publication whose primary aim is to illustrate key events, using material from British government archives, as markers in defining Armenian territory. These seventy years are crucial in the formation of the boundaries of what now constitutes the state of Armenia. The 'Armenian Question' came under international scrutiny with the rise of modern nationalism in the Armenian communities living in the Ottoman and Russian empires. Borders had always shifted to and fro on the territory inhabited by Armenians. What changed from the nineteenth century onwards was that the Armenians - despite now tried to set a political agenda of their own, ultimately, the creation of an independent Armenian state encompassing a large part of what they considered to be their historical homeland, and to gain the maximum from the rivalry of the Great Powers in Anatolia and the Transcaucasus.
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This collection chronicles the most critical decade witnessed to date in the territorial evolution of the Arabian Peninsula and Gulf region, a wholly unique area in geopolitical terms. Nowhere else is there such a concentration of microstates and these overlie the world's greatest concentration of hydrocarbon reserves, all within a semi-enclosed sea. The illuminating Foreign and Commonwealth Office documents included here comprehensively chart the huge efforts made by Britain to get its territorial house in order by the time it left the region as protecting power in December 1971 but also provides unique insights into the major settlements of the era and their background. The records presented include treaties, letters, telegrams, memoranda and notes, the latter often being diplomatic summaries and assessments. The subject matter being dealt with here includes negotiations, agreements, disputes, incursions and claims. This 18-volume set includes 2 map boxes containing 30 large folding maps showing boundary agreements.
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From 1873, in recognition of the increasingly important position occupied by the Gulf in international affairs, the British Resident in the Gulf, along with other British officials both within and outside India, was required to produce regular printed administration reports summarising political, diplomatic and economic developments in the area. These reports continued to be produced without interruption until Indian independence in 1947 when the conduct of British interests in the Gulf was taken on by the Foreign Office in London. The reports present not just a continuous picture of the progress of British interests in the area; nor do they confine themselves simply to the activities of rulers and officials. The importance of the reports lies ultimately in their wealth of information on the changing experiences of the people of the Gulf states through perhaps the most crucial three-quarters of a century of the region´s history.
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These eight volumes present a documentary history of the city of Jerusalem, concentrating on the half-century from 1917 to 1971, with some reference to earlier circumstances. The starting point of this collection accompanies the end of Ottoman rule in the Near East and the establishment of British military control in Jerusalem in the eventful year of 1917. As far as possible an attempt has been made to provide research resources specific to Jerusalem and excluding material relating to Palestine in general. Broader questions including the territorial limits and administration of Palestine and the origins of the state of Israel are covered in other related titles. However, it is impossible to disentangle such material entirely and after 1917 the echoes of the Arab-Jewish struggle form a continuous background to the development of the city.
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This six-year period is of particular interest because of the coup d'etat which saw the deposition of Sultan Said bin Taimur and the accession of his son Sultan Qabus bin Said. Whereas under Sultan Said Britain was closely bound to Oman in areas of foreign and defence policy, under Sultan Qabus the country moved away from reliance on Britain, opening up to international influences and forging ahead with internal social policy. The progress on social reform had some impact on the strength of the insurrection in Dhofar and in 1971 the Dhofar Liberation Front agreed to work with the new administration. The other two main rebel fronts continued to oppose Sultan Qabus. However, the new Sultan's policies of regional cooperation led, by 1976, to regional powers such as Iran, Saudi Arabia and the UAE offering military aid and to an agreement to a cease-fire.
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These volumes cover the period from the beginning of 1917 to the end of 1970 during which the political landscape of Russia changed beyond recognition. Beginning with the dying days of Imperial Russia under Nicholas II, the last of the Romanov Tsars, Russia then saw revolution, civil war, the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the rule of Lenin followed by the dictatorship and purges of Stalin, the invasion of Russia by Nazi Germany, the period of the Cold War when the Soviet Union ruled much of Eastern Europe and threatened the rest, the era of de-Stalinisation under the rule of Khrushchev and ending with the collective leadership of Brezhnev and Kosygin.