Canada: The State of the Federation – serie

Financial crime in Canada remains a mystery: omnipresent, but we know little about its operation. Transactions are cloaked with apparent legality, which makes tracking criminal activity through economic or financial statistics a complex undertaking.This distinctive volume aims to stem in-, out-, and through-flows of vast sums of dirty money by enhancing Canada’s capacity to detect, disrupt, deter, investigate, and prosecute domestic financial criminals and transnational organized criminal organizations. It brings together leading scholars and practitioners from the public and private sectors to identify and explore deficiencies in federal and provincial policy, regulation, legislation, politics, institutions, and enforcement, as well as the international financial crime regime. Together contributors pinpoint weaknesses that have turned the Canadian federation into a destination of choice for global financial crime, where its perpetrators can operate with impunity.Dirty Money reveals how globalization and technology have spun an extensive web of clandestine processes that disguises how financial criminals operate, the channels they use, and how they suborn banks and institutions. In the process, the extent of financial crime in Canada and its corrosive effects on communities, democratic institutions, and prosperity becomes apparent.Contributors: Sanaa Ahmed, John Cassara, Garry Clement, Arthur J. Cockfield, Caroline Dugas, Jamie Ferrill, Cameron Field, Michelle Gallant, Peter German, Rhianna Hamilton, Todd Hataley, Caitlyn Jenkins, Christian Leuprecht, David Maimon, Katarzyna (Kasia) Mcnaughton, Denis Meunier, Pierre-Luc Pomerleau, Stephen Schneider, Jeffrey Simser.

The last twenty or so years have seen a different kind of state emerge in Canada and elsewhere. The questioning of Keynesian macroeconomic policy in light of crises in Western economies coupled with the rise of neo-conservative and neo-liberal politics (and the attendant rethinking of the modern state's regulatory and redistributive roles) has resulted in significant restructuring and retrenchment of the state in Canada, both federal and provincial. Similarly, Canadians' sense of citizenship has undergone significant changes that need to be explored. Canada: The State of the Federation 1998 is a timely exploration of the current state of the ties that bind the federation together. Are they strong enough to survive in the context of a smaller (or at least different) state? Is Canadians' sense of citizenship sufficiently vibrant to maintain itself in an increasingly globalized world? How have Canada's civic and political institutions responded to these challenges? Is "Canadian culture," however defined, still a viable concept in the midst of the kinds of communications advances we have seen of late? How are global economic forces changing the east-west economic linkages that have been fostered since Confederation and how will Canada fit into a globalized political economy? These are but a few of the questions that the volume explores. Contributors include Reg Whitaker (York), Avigail Eisenberg (UBC), Ted Magder (NYU), Florian Sauvageau (Laval), Pierre Juneau (former chair of the CRTC), John Helliwell (UBC), François Vaillancourt and Marc Vachon (Montréal), Claire Turenne-Sjolander (Ottawa), Tom McIntosh (Queen's), Matthew James (UBC), Kathleen Day and Quentin Grafton (Ottawa), Brian Tanguay (Wilfred Laurier), Howard Leeson (Regina), Frank Graves (EKOS Research), and Melissa Kruger (Queen's).

Arguably, political changes in Canada have been greater in the 1990s than in any other decade since Confederation, but do these changes signify a shift in Canadian political culture? Can we even speak of a Canadian political culture? What are the consequences of these changes for the federation? Are Canadians more or less united? Are federal-provincial relations better or worse? What does the future hold? The authors attempt to answer these questions through analyses of the federal party system, politics in the provinces and regions, and political dynamics in a number of issue areas, including Aboriginal politics, the Charter, multiculturalism, the rural-urban cleavage, and social policy. Contributors include Gordon Gibson (Fraser Institute), Hugh Segal (Institute for Research on Public Policy), Samuel LaSelva (University of British Columbia), Jennifer Smith (Dalhousie University), Alain-G. Gagnon (McGill University), Nelson Wiseman (University of Toronto), and Ian Stewart (Acadia University).

The most extensive analysis of the institutions of executive federalism and intergovernmental relations since the Macdonald Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada.

An examination of federal reform and Aboriginal-state relations.

In this edition of Canada: State of the Federation, contributors consider whether and to what degree the relationship between the central government and the provincial and territorial governments has changed in the past decade. The authors address three overarching questions. First, is the power base changing in Canada? If so, how are governments responding? Second, what are the implications of the changing environment for the relationships between governments? And third, are there underlying forces – such as economic or technological change, or demands for citizen engagement – that are pushing some provinces and regions to become more assertive in the global environment? The papers are organized into four categories: those that identify and analyze the changing federal environment; those concerned with the implications of the 2011 federal election; those that deal with health policy and economic federalism; and those that explore the growing importance of the North and the changing dynamics among the provinces and the federal government. Among the topics discussed are the impact of a majority government based on a West-Ontario coalition, with Quebec represented primarily by the Opposition, the implications of the trade-off between health care spending and the public financing of other essential public goods, and second-generation trade agreements, such as the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Trade Agreement.

Regional resource disparities and the tensions they generate are a perennial Canadian topic. This edition of Canada: The State of the Federation presents essays on regions, resources, and the resiliency of the Canadian federal system. Contributors consider questions such as: to what extent do Canada's natural resource industries benefit the Canadian economy? Do Canada's federal institutions hinder or promote the ability of the economy to respond to global economic shifts? Do current intergovernmental structures allow for constructive dialogue about national policy issues? In responding to these and related questions, many of the authors touch on energy issues. Others consider the importance of functional institutions in a federal or multilevel context as an essential requirement for the effective resolution of issues. Together, the volume raises questions about the relationship of state and society, the importance of identity, trust, and moral legitimacy for the operation of our federal institutions, and the extent to which federal institutions are reinforced or placed under stress by societal structures. The theme of this volume was triggered by Richard Simeon, the outstanding scholar of federalism who passed away in October 2013, and it is dedicated in his honour.

Traditionally associated with the federal government, Aboriginal policy has arguably become a far more complex reality. With or without formal self-government, Aboriginal communities and nations are increasingly assertive in establishing their own authority in areas as diverse as education, land management, the administration of justice, family and social services, and housing. The 2013 State of the Federation volume gathers experts and practitioners to discuss the contemporary dynamics, patterns, and challenges of Aboriginal multilevel governance in a wide range of policy areas. Recent court decisions on Aboriginal rights, notably on the duty to consult, have forced provincial and territorial governments to develop more sustained relationships with Aboriginal organizations and governments, especially in the management of lands and resources. Showing that Aboriginal governance is, more than ever, a multilevel reality, contributors address questions such as: What are the challenges in negotiating and implementing these bilateral and trilateral governance agreements? Are these governance arrangements conducive to real and sustained Aboriginal participation in the policy process? Finally, what are the implications of these various developments for Canadian federalism and for the rights and status of Aboriginal peoples in relation to the Canadian federation?

Renewing and expanding national infrastructure is critical to the wellbeing and productivity of Canadians and is one of the foremost challenges confronting our federal, provincial and municipal governments. Not only are the required investments dauntingly large for all three levels of government, but so too is the required level of intergovernmental cooperation if our goals are to be realized. The 2015 State of the Federation volume advances our understanding of these infrastructure challenges and identifies how best to resolve them. The contributors to the volume provide historical or international comparative perspectives and utilize legal, economic, or administrative approaches to examine the nature and magnitude of the so-called infrastructure deficit and the question of how best to finance the necessary investments. The possible roles played by deficits and debt are considered, together with options such as public-private partnerships and asset recycling, and a possible Aboriginal resource tax to finance the on-reserve infrastructure needs of First Nations. Considerable attention is also paid to pricing the use of infrastructure both to achieve efficiency in use and to avoid excess demand and an exaggerated perception of the required level of investment. Other contributors examine the infrastructure-investment-decision processes at the federal and provincial levels and consider the optimal allocation of responsibility for infrastructure investments among the different levels of government, and the related issue of the role of intergovernmental transfers to underwrite this allocation.