Catalytic Science Series – serie

Chiral titanium complexes are low-cost, low-toxicity and high-efficiency catalysts. Impressive progress on enantioselective titanium-catalysed transformations has been achieved in the past seven years, with exciting new discoveries ranging from basic reactions to novel methodologies. Despite this, the field has not been substantially reviewed since 2008.This book contains up to date research and covers all types of enantioselective transformations using chiral titanium catalysts. It illustrates the economic, health, and environmental benefits of chiral titanium catalysts, showing the types of highly enantioselective reactions that they are able to induce are unlimited.Work presented here is aimed at researchers in organic and catalytic chemistry, and has been carefully curated to encourage future research possibilities.

Heterocyclic chemistry constitutes the largest branch of chemistry, covering almost two-thirds of literature in the field. In addition, around 90% of naturally-occurring molecules have heterocycles as their core structure. Therefore, as a central part of organic chemistry, the discovery of new methodologies in synthesizing heterocyclic compounds is essential to their continued application and development. Transition metal catalysts offer a low cost and often low toxicity pathway for heterocycles synthesis, while the use of noble metals represents an alternative form of experimentation which is discussed in the book.Noble Metals, Noble Value provides the first comprehensive analysis of the applications of the noble metals of ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh) and palladium (Pd) catalysts in heterocycles synthesis. Pairs of chapters are dedicated to summarizing each of the metals when applied to either five- or six-membered heterocyclic syntheses. An introduction to the importance of heterocycles and possible procedures for the preparation of heterocyclic compounds is also given.With up to date research and findings, this review is excellently suited to academics and professionals in the field of chemistry, with a particular focus on the specialities of biological, catalytic and organic chemistry.

This book documents Professor Jacques Simonet's contribution to building new electrode materials and their related catalytic reactions. Research includes synthesis of new alloys of palladium, discovery of new composite electrodes (including gold- and silver-graphene) and the creation of new materials through judicious cathodic or anodic doping. Additionally, studies demonstrate the malleability and reactivity of previously unused precious and semi-precious metals for the creation of 2D and 3D catalytic materials. Studies key to innovative research show how transition metals may reversibly cathodically insert small size electro-active molecules such as CO2 and O2, and be applied to methods of depollution brought by carbon and nitrogen oxides.Written for practical use, Simonet has provided both theory and tools needed for those aiming to recreate and develop his experiments in electrochemical catalysis and surface modifications. This full publication of research gives graduate and post-graduate students of chemistry, electrochemistry and catalysis an in-depth insight into key historical and modern developments in the field.

The demand for hydroprocessing catalysts has shown an increasing trend, because of their applications in refining of petroleum and biofuels, in order to comply with strict environmental regulations controlling emissions from transportation vehicles.Transport fuel is dominated by fossil fuels with carbon emission intensive production methods. If we are to move away from these sources, the alternative is to produce liquid fuels from agricultural stocks — crops, crop waste, forestry waste or algae. Converting these feedstocks into high quality fuels is a considerable challenge.By describing the current status in processing agricultural feedstock into high quality liquid transport fuels, the authors set out the means to develop better chemistry and catalysis for the necessary conversion processes. This book offers an intriguing insight into the mechanisms and protocols involved in new hydroprocessing catalysts and processes, and covers the methods for upgrading these liquids to modern transport vehicles suitable for operation in modern gasoline and diesel engines.It provides an introduction to the mechanism of hydroprocessing reactions, application of different metals in hydroprocessing, the effect of catalyst supports, applications in refining new feedstock, renewable fuels standards, the management of spent hydroprocessing catalysts, and hydrogen production.Hydroprocessing Catalysts and Processes will prove useful for both researchers in academe and industry concerned with future fuels development and treatment to produce current and future liquid transport fuels.

The use of organocatalysts able to photocatalyze an organic reaction is a rapidly growing field. These photocatalyzed transformations are more environmentally sustainable with respect to the use of expensive/toxic metal-based (photo)catalysts.Based on the authors' extensive experience in photogenerated intermediates, this book presents an overview on photocatalyzed organic processes having a synthetic significance, where an organic molecule functions as the photocatalyst.After a brief introduction defining the nature and the characteristics of a photoorganocatalyst (POC), the chapters are organized according to the class of POC used, as detailed below.Each chapter begins with a summary of the photophysical characteristics of the POCs and is followed by selected examples of synthetic applications. The last two chapters are devoted to the adoption of photoorganocatalysis in polymerization and to flow photoorganocatalysis. These in-depth explanations and practical applications make this title an essential reading for any chemistry student interested in organic (sustainable) synthesis.

Iron Catalysis: Design and Applications is an exciting new book that takes readers inside the world of iron catalysis guided by international catalysis expert, Dr Jose M Palomo. Iron is the most abundant metal in the planet, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, with an easily manipulated remediation process. In the last few years the use of this nonprecious metal has gained extraordinary attention particularly for its potential as a catalyst in different areas. This book compiles a series of chapters describing the most significant advances in the last few years since the design of different iron catalysts and nanocatalysts and iron-containing artificial and natural enzymes. The chapters also cover its application in different areas of interest such as organic synthesis, environmental remediation, enzyme-like activities or the creation of novel types of electrodes for battery design.

With interdisciplinary perspectives from internationally renowned experts, Noble-Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Energy is one of the most authoritative references to focus solely on state-of-the-art knowledge of noble-metal-free electrocatalysts, as well as their nanostructures and unique properties. The chapters within contain cutting-edge breakthroughs, horizons, and insights into functional materials for energy applications.This book contains over 3000 references and 200 figures, and is a highly valuable resource for scientists, students, and engineers working in the fields of electrochemistry, catalysis, fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become a standard practice technique, and automated XPS facilities can be found in industry and in universities all over the world. This transformed XPS from an advanced characterization method for dedicated research, to a rather standard analysis technique of surface analysis. The catalyst's surface state is probably the most prominent factor that influences the catalytic performance. It is therefore no surprise that XPS has become an indispensable tool in studies of solid catalysts. It has been directly used to investigate issues such as the surface composition of the active catalyst and reaction and deactivation mechanisms.The objective of this book is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status and future perspectives of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy dedicated to catalytic applications, including thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and photo(electro)catalysis. The book contains 13 chapters, starting with the necessary introduction of the technique background, including basic phenomena and instrumentation aspects. The second part of the book focuses on the presentation of long-established applications of the technique, such as XPS studies of model catalysts. Finally, the book describes relatively recent developments of this method for cutting-edge surface characterization mainly using synchrotron X-ray radiation.

Heterogeneous catalysis has developed over the past two centuries as a technology driven by the needs of society, and is part of Nobel Prize-winning science. This book describes the spectacular increase in molecular understanding of heterogenous catalytic reactions in important industrial processes. Reaction mechanism and kinetics are discussed with a unique focus on their relation with the inorganic chemistry of the catalyst material. An introductory chapter presents the development of catalysis science and catalyst discovery from a historical perspective. Five chapters that form the thrust of the book are organized by type of reaction, reactivity principles, and mechanistic theories, which provide the scientific basis to structure-function relationships of catalyst performance. Present-day challenges to catalysis are sketched in a final chapter. Written by one of the world's leading experts on the topic, this definitive text is an essential reference for students, researchers and engineers working in this multibillion-dollar field.

The book provides a comprehensive treatment of combinatorial development of heterogeneous catalysts. In particular, two computer-aided approaches that have played a key role in combinatorial catalysis and high-throughput experimentation during the last decade — evolutionary optimization and artificial neural networks — are described. The book is unique in that it describes evolutionary optimization in a broader context of methods of searching for optimal catalytic materials, including statistical design of experiments, as well as presents neural networks in a broader context of data analysis. It is the first book that demystifies the attractiveness of artificial neural networks, explaining its rational fundamental — their universal approximation capability. At the same time, it shows the limitations of that capability and describes two methods for how it can be improved. The book is also the first that presents two other important topics pertaining to evolutionary optimization and artificial neural networks: automatic generating of problem-tailored genetic algorithms, and tuning evolutionary algorithms with neural networks. Both are not only theoretically explained, but also well illustrated through detailed case studies.

This compendium gives an overview of the technologies and economics in the production of olefins in the petrochemical industries. It highlights the options and costs for producing olefins using different technologies and different feedstocks at a time when the cost of carbon dioxide emissions are set to be included in the production cost. Industry professionals, engineers, research scientists and financiers will find this title a valuable resource.

This book provides a general overview of syngas technologies as well as an in-depth analysis of the steam reforming process. Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon oxides which can be made from hydrocarbons, coal and biomass. It is an important intermediate in the chemical industry for manufacture of ammonia, methanol and other petrochemicals as well as hydrogen for refineries and fuel cells. Syngas is playing a growing role in the energy sector, because it can be converted into a number of important energy carriers and fuels. Syngas catalysis creates new options and flexibility in the complex energy network. The steam reforming process is the main technology today for manufacture of syngas. It is a complex intern-mingling of catalysis and heat transfer with restrictions caused by secondary phenomena such as carbon formation. Many of the principles are applicable for other gasification technologies of growing importance. Concepts of Syngas Preparation aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to this complex field of growing importance and gives a detailed analysis of the catalyst and process problems. This book also serves as an important link between science and industry by illustrating how the basic principles can be applied to solve design issues and operational problems.

In chemical processes, the progressive deactivation of solid catalysts is a major economic concern and mastering their stability has become as essential as controlling their activity and selectivity. For these reasons, there is a strong motivation to understand the mechanisms leading to any loss in activity and/or selectivity and to find out the efficient preventive measures and regenerative solutions that open the way towards cheaper and cleaner processes. This book covers the fundamental and applied aspects of solid catalyst deactivation in a comprehensive way and encompasses the state of the art in the field of reactions catalyzed by zeolites. This particular choice is justified by the widespread use of molecular sieves in refining, petrochemicals and organic chemicals synthesis processes, by the large variety in the nature of their active sites (acid, base, acid-base, redox, bifunctional) and especially by their peculiar features, in terms of crystallinity, structural order and textural properties, which make them ideal models for heterogeneous catalysis. The aim of this book is to be a critical review in the field of zeolite deactivation and regeneration by collecting contributions from experts in the field which describe the factors, explain the techniques to study the causes and suggest methods to prevent (or limit) catalyst deactivation. At the same time, a selection of commercial processes and exemplar cases provides the reader with theoretical insights and practical hints on the deactivation mechanisms and draws attention to the key role played by the loss of activity on process design and industrial practice.

With contributions from experts in supported metal catalysis from both the industry and academia, this book presents the latest developments in characterization and application of supported metals in heterogeneous catalysis. In addition to thorough and updated coverage of the traditional aspects of heterogeneous catalysis such as preparation, characterization and use in well-established technologies such as vehicle emission control, the book also includes emerging areas where supported metal catalysis will make significant contributions to future developments, such as fuel cells and fine chemicals synthesis.The second edition of Supported Metals in Catalysis comes complete with new and updated chapters containing important summaries of research in a rapidly evolving field. Very few other books deal with this highly pertinent subject matter and, as such, it is a must-have for anyone working in the field of heterogeneous catalysis.

Research on designing new catalytic systems has been one of the most important fields in modern organic chemistry. One reason for this is the predominant contribution of catalysis to the concepts of atom economy and green chemistry in the 21st century. Gold, considered catalytically inactive for a long time, is now a fascinating partner of modern chemistry, as scientists such as Bond, Teles, Haruta, Hutchings, Ito and Hayashi opened new perspectives for the whole synthetic chemist community. This book presents the major advances in homogeneous catalysis, emphasizing the methodologies that create carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds, the applications that create diversity and synthesize natural products, and the recent advances and challenges in asymmetric catalysis and computational research.It provides readers with in-depth information about homogeneous gold-catalyzed reactions and presents several explanations for the scientific design of a catalyst. Readers will be able to understand the entire gold area and find solutions to problems in catalysis.Gold Catalysis — An Homogeneous Approach is part of the Catalytic Science Series and features prominent authors who are experts in their respective fields.

This book follows the 2002 edition of Catalysis by Ceria and Related Materials, which was the first book entirely devoted to ceria and its catalytic properties. In the ten years since the first edition a massive amount of work has been carried out in the field, and ceria has gained a prominent position in catalysis as one of the most valuable material for several applications. This second edition covers fundamental and applied aspects of the latest advances in ceria-based materials with a special focus on structural, redox and catalytic features. Special emphasis is given to nano-engineered and nano-shaped systems which are a key factor in the predictive and rational design of ceria with novel properties.In addition, the book presents recent advances in emerging and traditional large-scale applications of ceria in catalysis, such as the treatment of emissions from mobile sources (including diesel and gasoline engines). The primary readership includes catalysis and material science researchers from academy and industry and postdoctorate and graduate students in chemistry, chemical engineering and physics.

The use of CeO2-based materials in catalysis has attracted considerable attention in recent years, particularly in applications like environmental catalysis, where ceria has shown great potential. This book critically reviews the most recent advances in the field, with the focus on both fundamental and applied issues. The first few chapters cover structural and chemical properties of ceria and related materials, i.e. phase stability, reduction behaviour, synthesis, interaction with probe molecules (CO, O2, NO), and metal-support interaction — all presented from the viewpoint of catalytic applications. The use of computational techniques and ceria surfaces and films for model catalytic studies are also reviewed. The second part of the book provides a critical evaluation of the role of ceria in the most important catalytic processes: three-way catalysis, catalytic wet oxidation and fluid catalytic cracking. Other topics include oxidation-combustion catalysts, electrocatalysis and the use of cerium catalysts/additives in diesel soot abatement technology.

The purpose of this book is to review the current, state-of-the-art application of isotopic methods to the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Isotopic studies are arguably the ultimate technique in in situ methods for heterogeneous catalysis. In this review volume, chapters have been contributed by experts in the field and the coverage includes both the application of specific isotopes — Deuterium, Tritium, Carbon-14, Sulfur-35 and Oxygen-18 - as well as isotopic techniques — determination of surface mobility, steady state transient isotope kinetic analysis, and positron emission profiling.

Gold has traditionally been regarded as inactive as a catalytic metal. However, the advent of nanoparticulate gold on high surface area oxide supports has demonstrated its high catalytic activity in many chemical reactions. Gold is active as a heterogeneous catalyst in both gas and liquid phases, and complexes catalyse reactions homogeneously in solution. Many of the reactions being studied will lead to new application areas for catalysis by gold in pollution control, chemical processing, sensors and fuel cell technology. This book describes the properties of gold, the methods for preparing gold catalysts and ways to characterise and use them effectively in reactions. The reaction mechanisms and reasons for the high activities are discussed and the applications for gold catalysis considered.

This book gives an account of the various facets of the development and use of organometallic complexes supported by the pincer group. Developed in the mid-1970s, the basic structure of metal complexes with this ligand contains a direct metal-carbon bond that is flanked by two potentially coordinating heteroatom-containing arms. Since its discovery, the pincer platform has been adopted as a base for numerous studies in fundamental reactions, bonding, catalysis, and materials. Unlike other books that concentrate on specific classes of pincer metal complexes, this volume presents this large body of pincer chemistry by focusing on applications and reaction types. It describes all the different types of pincer complexes within the context of each area, such as bond activation, catalysis, or supramolecular chemistry, and thus highlights the factors that contribute to the capability of one class over another for a specific application. Such a broad overview will be covered with a look to future, cutting-edge research, and will hopefully inspire others to continue to apply this ligand set to new and challenging problems in chemistry.

This book brings together highlights of a theme which is growing in interest: the creation of a sustainable society using catalysis as the main tool. Catalysts play key roles in the production of clean fuels, the conversion of waste and green raw materials into energy, clean combustion engines including control of NOx and soot production and reduction of greenhouse gases, production of clean water and of polymers, as well as reduction from polymers to monomers. Catalysts are also of prime importance in the developing H2 and syngas production technology, aimed at producing clean fuels for the coming decades. And catalysts can be recycled.

This book, written and edited by leading authorities from academia and industrial groups, covers both preventive- and curative-zeolite-based technologies in the field of chemical processing.The opening chapter presents the state of the art in zeolite science. The two subsequent chapters summarize the chemistries involved in the processes and the constraints imposed on the catalyst/adsorbent. Three major areas are covered: oil refining, petrochemicals and fine chemicals. A chapter on the (curative) use of zeolites in pollution abatement completes this overview.In the area of oil refining, a general lecture sets the scene for present and future challenges. It is followed by in-depth case studies involving FCC, hydrocracking and light naphtha isomerization. Also, an entire chapter is devoted to the often-overlooked subject of base oils.In the area of petrochemicals, the processing of aromatics and olefins is described and special attention is paid to the synergy between catalysis and separation on molecular sieves.

With contributions from experts in supported metal catalysis, from both the industry and academia, this book presents the recent developments in characterization and application of supported metals in heterogeneous catalysis. In addition to a thorough and updated coverage of the traditional aspects of heterogeneous catalysis such as preparation, characterization and use in well-established technologies such as Naphtha reforming, the book also includes emerging areas where supported metal catalysis will make significant contributions in future developments, such as hydrogen production and fine chemicals synthesis.