Classics in Mathematics – serie

From the reviews:"Theory of Stein Spaces provides a rich variety of methods, results, and motivations - a book with masterful mathematical care and judgement. It is a pleasure to have this fundamental material now readily accessible to any serious mathematician."J. Eells in Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society (1980)"Written by two mathematicians who played a crucial role in the development of the modern theory of several complex variables, this is an important book."J.B. Cooper in Internationale Mathematische Nachrichten (1979)

The main change in this edition is the inclusion of exercises with answers and hints. This is meant to emphasize that this volume has been written as a general course in modern analysis on a graduate student level and not only as the beginning of a specialized course in partial differen­ tial equations. In particular, it could also serve as an introduction to harmonic analysis. Exercises are given primarily to the sections of gen­ eral interest; there are none to the last two chapters. Most of the exercises are just routine problems meant to give some familiarity with standard use of the tools introduced in the text. Others are extensions of the theory presented there. As a rule rather complete though brief solutions are then given in the answers and hints. To a large extent the exercises have been taken over from courses or examinations given by Anders Melin or myself at the University of Lund. I am grateful to Anders Melin for letting me use the problems originating from him and fornumerous valuable comments on this collection. As in the revised printing of Volume II, a number of minor flaws have also been corrected in this edition. Many of these have been called to my attention by the Russian translators of the first edition, and I wish to thank them for our excellent collaboration.

From the Reviews:"Gihman and Skorohod have done an excellent job of presenting the theory in its present state of rich imperfection."D.W. Stroock in Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 1980"To call this work encyclopedic would not give an accurate picture of its content and style. Some parts read like a textbook, but others are more technical and contain relatively new results. ... The exposition is robust and explicit, as one has come to expect of the Russian tradition of mathematical writing. The set when completed will be an invaluable source of information and reference in this ever-expanding field."K.L. Chung in American Scientist, 1977"The dominant impression is of the authors' mastery of their material, and of their confident insight into its underlying structure."J.F.C. Kingman in Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, 1977

From the Reviews:"Gihman and Skorohod have done an excellent job of presenting the theory in its present state of rich imperfection."D.W. Stroock in Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 1980"To call this work encyclopedic would not give an accurate picture of its content and style. Some parts read like a textbook, but others are more technical and contain relatively new results. ... The exposition is robust and explicit, as one has come to expect of the Russian tradition of mathematical writing. The set when completed will be an invaluable source of information and reference in this ever-expanding field"K.L. Chung in American Scientist, 1977"The dominant impression is of the authors' mastery of their material, and of their confident insight into its underlying structure. ..."J.F.C. Kingman in Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, 1977

This volume is an expanded version of Chapters III, IV, V and VII of my 1963 book "Linear partial differential operators". In addition there is an entirely new chapter on convolution equations, one on scattering theory, and one on methods from the theory of analytic functions of several complex variables. The latter is somewhat limited in scope though since it seems superfluous to duplicate the monographs by Ehrenpreis and by Palamodov on this subject. The reader is assumed to be familiar with distribution theory as presented in Volume I. Most topics discussed here have in fact been encountered in Volume I in special cases, which should provide the necessary motivation and background for a more systematic and precise exposition. The main technical tool in this volume is the Fourier- Laplace transformation. More powerful methods for the study of operators with variable coefficients will be developed in Volume III. However, constant coefficient theory has given the guidance for all that work. Although the field is no longer very active - perhaps because of its advanced state of development - and although it is possible to pass directly from Volume I to Volume III, the material presented here should not be neglected by the serious student who wants to gain a balanced perspective of the theory of linear partial differen­tial equations.

From the reviews:"The author, [...], has written a book which will be of service to all who are interested in this by now vast subject. [...] This is a book of many virtues: mathematical, historical, and pedagogical. Parts of it could be used for a graduate complex manifolds course.J.A. Carlson in Mathematical Reviews, 1987"There are many mathematicians, or even physicists, who would find this book useful and accessible, but its distinctive attribute is the insight it gives into a brilliant mathematician's work. [...] It is intriguing to sense between the lines Spencer's optimism, Kodaira's scepticism or the shadow of Grauert with his very different methods, as it is to hear of the surprises and ironies which appeared on the way. Most of all it is a piece of work which shows mathematics as lying somewhere between discovery and invention, a fact which all mathematicians know, but most inexplicably conceal in their work."N.J. Hitchin in the Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, 1987

From the reviews"[...] This book presents a complete treatment of a new class of random processes, which have been studied intensively during the last fifteen years. None of this material has ever appeared in book form before. …The high quality of this work, [...] , makes a fascinating subject and its open problem as accessible as possible. [...]"F.L. Spitzer in Mathematical Reviews, 1986"[...] However, it can be said that the author has succeeded in what even experts are seldom able to achieve: To write a clearcut and inspiring book on his favorite subject which meets most, if not all requirements which can be imposed on a comprehensive text on an important new field. The author can be congratulated on his excellent presentation of the theory of interacting particle systems. The book is highly recommended to everyone who works on or is interested in this subject: to probabilists, physicists and theoretical biologists. [...]"G. Rosenkranz in Methods of Information in Medicine, 1986

From the reviews: "... Besides the fact that the author's treatment of large deviations is a nice contribution to the literature on the subject, his book has the virue that it provides a beautifully unified and mathematically appealing account of certain aspects of statistical mechanics. ... Furthermore, he does not make the mistake of assuming that his mathematical audience will be familiar with the physics and has done an admireable job of explaining the necessary physical background. Finally, it is clear that the author's book is the product of many painstaking hours of work; and the reviewer is confident that its readers will benefit from his efforts." D. Stroock in Mathematical Reviews 1985 "... Each chapter of the book is followed by a notes section and by a problems section. There are over 100 problems, many of which have hints. The book may be recommended as a text, it provides a completly self-contained reading ..." S. Pogosian in

From the reviews:"This book (...) defines the boundaries of the subject now called combinatorial group theory. (...)it is a considerable achievement to have concentrated a survey of the subject into 339 pages. This includes a substantial and useful bibliography; (over 1100 (items)). ...the book is a valuable and welcome addition to the literature, containing many results not previously available in a book. It will undoubtedly become a standard reference." Mathematical Reviews, AMS, 1979

From the reviews:"This is a book of interest to any having to work with differential equations, either as a reference or as a book to learn from. The authors have taken trouble to make the treatment self-contained. It (is) suitable required reading for a PhD student. Although the material has been developed from lectures at Stanford, it has developed into an almost systematic coverage that is much longer than could be covered in a year's lectures". Newsletter, New Zealand Mathematical Society, 1985 " ... as should be clear from the previous discussion, this book is a bibliographical monument to the theory of both theoretical and applied PDEs that has not acquired any flaws due to its age. On the contrary, it remains a crucial and essential tool for the active research in the field. In a few words, in my modest opinion, “. . . this book contains the essential background that a researcher in elliptic PDEs should possess the day s/he gets a permanent academic position. . . .”  SIAM Newsletter

From the reviews: "This huge book written in several years by one of the few mathematicians able to do it, appears as a precise and impressive study (not very easy to read) of this bothsided question that replaces, in a coherent way, without being encyclopaedic, a large library of books and papers scattered without a uniform language. Instead of summarizing the author gives his own way of exposition with original complements. This requires no preliminary knowledge. ...The purpose which the author explains in his introduction, i.e. a deep probabilistic interpretation of potential theory and a link between two great theories, appears fulfilled in a masterly manner".M. Brelot in Metrika (1986)

From the reviews: "This is an introductory book intended for beginning graduate students or, perhaps advanced undergraduates. ... The book has many good points: clear organization, historical notes and references at the end of every chapter, and an excellent bibliography. The text is well written, at a level appropriate for the intended audience, and it represents a very good introduction to the basic theory of dynamical systems." Mathematical Reviews, 1972"The exposition is remarkably clear, definitions are separated explicitly, theorems are often provided together with the motivation for changing one or other hypothesis, as well as the relevance of certain generalisations... This study is an excellent review of the current situation for problems of stability of the solution of differential equations. It is addressed to all interested in non-linear differential problems, as much from the theoretical as from the applications angle." Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de Belgique, 1975

From the reviews: "...a fine book ... treats algebraic number theory from the valuation-theoretic viewpoint. When it appeared in 1949 it was a pioneer. Now there are plenty of competing accounts. But Hasse has something extra to offer. This is not surprising, for it was he who inaugurated the local-global principle (universally called the Hasse principle). This doctrine asserts that one should first study a problem in algebraic number theory locally, that is, at the completion of a vaulation. Then ask for a miracle: that global validity is equivalent to local validity. Hasse proved that miracles do happen in his five beautiful papers on quadratic forms of 1923-1924. ... The exposition is discursive. ... It is trite but true: Every number-theorist should have this book on his or her shelf." (Irving Kaplansky in Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 1981)

From the reviews:"The author has attempted an ambitious and most commendable project. He assumes only a modest knowledge of algebraic topology on the part of the reader to start with, and he leads the reader systematically to the point at which he can begin to tackle problems in the current areas of research centered around generalized homology theories and their applications. ... The author has sought to make his treatment complete and he has succeeded. The book contains much material that has not previously appeared in this format. The writing is clean and clear and the exposition is well motivated. ... This book is, all in all, a very admirable work and a valuable addition to the literature...(S.Y. Husseini in Mathematical Reviews, 1976)

From the reviews: "Volumes III and IV complete L. Hörmander's treatise on linear partial differential equations. They constitute the most complete and up-to-date account of this subject, by the author who has dominated it and made the most significant contributions in the last decades.....It is a superb book, which must be present in every mathematical library, and an indispensable tool for all - young and old - interested in the theory of partial differential operators." L. Boutet de Monvel in Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 1987."This treatise is outstanding in every respect and must be counted among the great books in mathematics. It is certainly no easy reading (...) but a careful study is extremely rewarding for its wealth of ideas and techniques and the beauty of presentation." J. Brüning in Zentralblatt MATH, 1987.

From the Reviews: "Gihman and Skorohod have done an excellent job of presenting the theory in its present state of rich imperfection."D.W. Stroock in Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 1980"To call this work encyclopedic would not give an accurate picture of its content and style. Some parts read like a textbook, but others are more technical and contain relatively new results. ... The exposition is robust and explicit, as one has come to expect of the Russian tradition of mathematical writing. The set when completed will be an invaluable source of information and reference in this ever-expanding field."K.L. Chung in American Scientist, 1977"The dominant impression is of the authors' mastery of their material, and of their confident insight into its underlying structure."J.F.C. Kingman in Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, 1977

The present book is based on lectures given by the author at the University of Tokyo during the past ten years. It is intended as a textbook to be studied by students on their own or to be used in a course on Functional Analysis, i. e. , the general theory of linear operators in function spaces together with salient features of its application to diverse fields of modern and classical analysis. Necessary prerequisites for the reading of this book are summarized, with or without proof, in Chapter 0 under titles: Set Theory, Topo­ logical Spaces, Measure Spaces and Linear Spaces. Then, starting with the chapter on Semi-norms, a general theory of Banach and Hilbert spaces is presented in connection with the theory of generalized functions of S. L. SOBOLEV and L. SCHWARTZ. While the book is primarily addressed to graduate students, it is hoped it might prove useful to research mathe­ maticians, both pure and applied. The reader may pass, e. g. , from Chapter IX (Analytical Theory of Semi-groups) directly to Chapter XIII (Ergodic Theory and Diffusion Theory) and to Chapter XIV (Integration of the Equation of Evolution). Such materials as "Weak Topologies and Duality in Locally Convex Spaces" and "Nuclear Spaces" are presented in the form of the appendices to Chapter V and Chapter X, respectively. These might be skipped for the first reading by those who are interested rather in the application of linear operators.

The present book represents to a large extent the translation of the German "Vorlesungen über Himmelsmechanik" by C. L. Siegel. The demand for a new edition and for an English translation gave rise to the present volume which, however, goes beyond a mere translation. To take account of recent work in this field a number of sections have been added, especially in the third chapter which deals with the stability theory. Still, it has not been attempted to give a complete presentation of the subject, and the basic prganization of Siegel's original book has not been altered. The emphasis lies in the development of results and analytic methods which are based on the ideas of H. Poincare, G. D. Birkhoff, A. Liapunov and, as far as Chapter I is concerned, on the work of K. F. Sundman and C. L. Siegel. In recent years the measure-theoretical aspects of mechanics have been revitalized and have led to new results which will not be discussed here. In this connection we refer, in particular, to the interesting book by V. I. Arnold and A. Avez on "Problemes Ergodiques de la Mecanique Classique", which stresses the interaction of ergodic theory and mechanics. We list the points in which the present book differs from the German text. In the first chapter two sections on the tri pie collision in the three­ body problem have been added by C. L. Siegel.

Let me begin with a little history. In the 20th century, algebraic geometry has gone through at least 3 distinct phases. In the period 1900-1930, largely under the leadership of the 3 Italians, Castelnuovo, Enriques and Severi, the subject grew immensely. In particular, what the late 19th century had done for curves, this period did for surfaces: a deep and systematic theory of surfaces was created. Moreover, the links between the "synthetic" or purely "algebro-geometric" techniques for studying surfaces, and the topological and analytic techniques were thoroughly explored. However the very diversity of tools available and the richness of the intuitively appealing geometric picture that was built up, led this school into short-cutting the fine details of all proofs and ignoring at times the time­ consuming analysis of special cases (e. g. , possibly degenerate configurations in a construction). This is the traditional difficulty of geometry, from High School Euclidean geometry on up. In the period 1930-1960, under the leadership of Zariski, Weil, and (towards the end) Grothendieck, an immense program was launched to introduce systematically the tools of commutative algebra into algebraic geometry and to find a common language in which to talk, for instance, of projective varieties over characteristic p fields as well as over the complex numbers. In fact, the goal, which really goes back to Kronecker, was to create a "geometry" incorporating at least formally arithmetic as well as projective geo­ metry.

The aim of the present monograph is to give a systematic exposition of the theory of algebraic surfaces emphasizing the interrelations between the various aspects of the theory: algebro-geometric, topological and transcendental. To achieve this aim, and still remain inside the limits of the allotted space, it was necessary to confine the exposition to topics which are absolutely fundamental. The present work therefore makes no claim to completeness, but it does, however, cover most of the central points of the theory. A presentation of the theory of surfaces, to be effective at all, must above all give the typical methods of proof used in the theory and their underlying ideas. It is especially true of algebraic geometry that in this domain the methods employed are at least as important as the results. The author has therefore avoided, as much as possible, purely formal accounts of results. The proofs given are of necessity condensed, for reasons of space, but no attempt has been made to condense them beyond the point of intelligibility. In many instances, due to exigencies of simplicity and rigor, the proofs given in the text differ, to a greater or less extent, from the proofs given in the original papers.

Given a mathematical structure, one of the basic associated mathematical objects is its automorphism group. The object of this book is to give a biased account of automorphism groups of differential geometric struc­ tures. All geometric structures are not created equal; some are creations of ~ods while others are products of lesser human minds. Amongst the former, Riemannian and complex structures stand out for their beauty and wealth. A major portion of this book is therefore devoted to these two structures. Chapter I describes a general theory of automorphisms of geometric structures with emphasis on the question of when the automorphism group can be given a Lie group structure. Basic theorems in this regard are presented in §§ 3, 4 and 5. The concept of G-structure or that of pseudo-group structure enables us to treat most of the interesting geo­ metric structures in a unified manner. In § 8, we sketch the relationship between the two concepts. Chapter I is so arranged that the reader who is primarily interested in Riemannian, complex, conformal and projective structures can skip §§ 5, 6, 7 and 8. This chapter is partly based on lec­ tures I gave in Tokyo and Berkeley in 1965.

Springer is reissuing a selected few highly successful books in a new, inexpensive softcover edition to make them easily accessible to younger generations of students and researchers. Springer-Verlag began publishing books in higher mathematics in 1920. This is a reprint of the Second Edition.

In view of recent development in perturbation theory, supplementary notes and a supplementary bibliography are added at the end of the new edition. Little change has been made in the text except that the para­ graphs V-§ 4.5, VI-§ 4.3, and VIII-§ 1.4 have been completely rewritten, and a number of minor errors, mostly typographical, have been corrected. The author would like to thank many readers who brought the errors to his attention. Due to these changes, some theorems, lemmas, and formulas of the first edition are missing from the new edition while new ones are added. The new ones have numbers different from those attached to the old ones which they may have replaced. Despite considerable expansion, the bibliography i" not intended to be complete. Berkeley, April 1976 TosIO RATO Preface to the First Edition This book is intended to give a systematic presentation of perturba­ tion theory for linear operators. It is hoped that the book will be useful to students as well as to mature scientists, both in mathematics and in the physical sciences.

In presenting this treatment of homological algebra, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the help and encouragement which I have had from all sides. Homological algebra arose from many sources in algebra and topology. Decisive examples came from the study of group extensions and their factor sets, a subject I learned in joint work with OTTO SCHIL­ LING. A further development of homological ideas, with a view to their topological applications, came in my long collaboration with SAMUEL ElLENBERG; to both collaborators, especial thanks. For many years the Air Force Office of Scientific Research supported my research projects on various subjects now summarized here; it is a pleasure to acknowledge their lively understanding of basic science. Both REINHOLD BAER and JOSEF SCHMID read and commented on my entire manuscript; their advice has led to many improvements. ANDERS KOCK and JACQUES RIGUET have read the entire galley proof and caught many slips and obscurities. Among the others whose sug­ gestions have served me well, I note FRANK ADAMS, LOUIS AUSLANDER, WILFRED COCKCROFT, ALBRECHT DOLD, GEOFFREY HORROCKS, FRIED­ RICH KASCH, JOHANN LEICHT, ARUNAS LIULEVICIUS, JOHN MOORE, DIE­ TER PUPPE, JOSEPH YAO, and a number of my current students at the University of Chicago - not to m~ntion the auditors of my lectures at Chicago, Heidelberg, Bonn, Frankfurt, and Aarhus. My wife, DOROTHY, has cheerfully typed more versions of more chapters than she would like to count. Messrs.

In recent years new topological methods, especially the theory of sheaves founded by J. LERAY, have been applied successfully to algebraic geometry and to the theory of functions of several complex variables. H. CARTAN and J. -P. SERRE have shown how fundamental theorems on holomorphically complete manifolds (STEIN manifolds) can be for­ mulated in terms of sheaf theory. These theorems imply many facts of function theory because the domains of holomorphy are holomorphically complete. They can also be applied to algebraic geometry because the complement of a hyperplane section of an algebraic manifold is holo­ morphically complete. J. -P. SERRE has obtained important results on algebraic manifolds by these and other methods. Recently many of his results have been proved for algebraic varieties defined over a field of arbitrary characteristic. K. KODAIRA and D. C. SPENCER have also applied sheaf theory to algebraic geometry with great success. Their methods differ from those of SERRE in that they use techniques from differential geometry (harmonic integrals etc. ) but do not make any use of the theory of STEIN manifolds. M. F. ATIYAH and W. V. D. HODGE have dealt successfully with problems on integrals of the second kind on algebraic manifolds with the help of sheaf theory. I was able to work together with K. KODAIRA and D. C. SPENCER during a stay at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton from 1952 to 1954.

Springer-Verlag began publishing books in higher mathematics in 1920, when the seriesGrundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, initially conceived as a series of advanced textbooks, was founded by Richard Courant. A few years later a new series Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete, survey reports of recent mathematical research, was added.Of over 400 books published in these series, many have become recognized classics and remain standard references for their subject. Springer is reissuing a selected few of these highly successful books in a new, inexpensive sofcover edition to make them easily accessible to younger generations of students and researchers.Classical Banach Spaces I and IIFrom the reviews: “...the book is written in the best tradition of the beautiful  series in which it appears. The material it presents is hard to find in other books. For people working in the structure theory of Banach spaces it will be most valuable as a source of references and inspiration. For those who wish to learn the subject the book deserves a warm welcome too.”Medelingen van het Wiskundig Genootschap“…The geometry of Banach lattices is a rich, beautiful, … and rewarding subject. The proof is in the reading and perusing of the masterpiece.”Zentrablatt für Mathematik

Since its first publication in 1965 in the series Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften this book has had a profound and enduring influence on research into the stochastic processes associated with diffusion phenomena. Generations of mathematicians have appreciated the clarity of the descriptions given of one- or more- dimensional diffusion processes and the mathematical insight provided into Brownian motion. Now, with its republication in the Classics in Mathematics it is hoped that a new generation will be able to enjoy the classic text of Itô and McKean.

From the reviews: "... Federer's timely and beautiful book indeed fills the need for a comprehensive treatise on geometric measure theory, and his detailed exposition leads from the foundations of the theory to the most recent discoveries. ... The author writes with a distinctive style which is both natural and powerfully economical in treating a complicated subject. This book is a major treatise in mathematics and is essential in the working library of the modern analyst."Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society

From the reviews: "Such a vast amount of information as this book contains can only be accomplished in 375 pages by a very economical style of writing... it enables one to have a good look at the forest without being too detracted by the individual trees... The author deserves unstinting praise for the skill, energy, and perseverance which he devoted to this work. The finished product confirms what his many ear- lier contributions to the subject of finite geometry have already indicated, namely, that he is an undisputed leader in his field." Mathematical Reviews