Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs – serie

This book examines the concept of port state jurisdiction in the context of international maritime law.

The Arctic is particularly affected by climate change; over the past few decades, temperatures in this area have risen twice as fast as the mean global rate. The most prominent effect of global climate change in the region is the melting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, which enables a multitude of ocean uses to be initiated and extended, such as shipping, fishing and oil and gas extraction. Unlike in the Antarctic, there is currently no single comprehensive legal regime for governance of the Arctic. Instead, the region is regulated by a patchwork of international treaties, above all the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), various regional and sub-regional agreements, national laws and soft-law agreements. This treatise provides an evaluation of the governance regime that regulates the use of the Arctic marine environment and its readiness to protect these fragile ecosystems in light of the consequences of climate change.

Renewable energy resources now play an essential role in the energy supply debate, and especially a new interest in wind energy has resulted in the intensified construction of wind farms. Thanks to the growing demand for renewable energy, offshore wind farms (OWFs) are increasingly gaining in popularity, since yields over sea are greater and more reliable than over land. Against this background it is becoming particularly urgent to determine whether and if so to what extent such OWF expansion affects our oceans and local climates. OWFs produce a downstream wind speed reduction, the so-called wind-wake effect, which impacts atmospheric boundary layers, alters local wind characteristics and in turn affects ocean dynamics. This book will help readers to understand in detail these OWF-induced changes in the atmosphere and ocean by analyzing model simulations and measurements. In this context, OWF-induced upwelling and downwelling are key aspects.

This book examines the legality, adequacy and efficacy of using the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) for commercially-exploited fish species and assesses whether the existing institutional cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) is efficient. This case-study also provides an interesting lens to approaching wider international law issues. Indeed, finding ways to achieve effective governance of transboundary or global natural resources is central to the peaceful use of oceans and land. Furthermore, the role of science in advising decision-makers is a sensitive issue, which deserves scrutiny and is similar in many regimes. Finally, the complex problem of fragmentation of international law is acute in various fields of environmental law, as in all rapidly developing areas of international regulations.

This work focuses on a specific aspect of the enforcement of maritime claims, namely judicial sales of ships, a procedure creditors typically resort to in the event of an irreversible default situation.

Despite multiple efforts on the bilateral, regional and multilateral level to create uniform or at least harmonized rules for commercial operations and practices in the maritime transport sector and to liberalize maritime transport services by tearing down the barriers that exist in that sector, there is until today no global regime regulating (or rather deregulating) the supply of maritime transport services and ensuring open markets. In this situation, private economic actors are confronted with substantial legal uncertainty.This book provides a detailed analysis of the history of maritime transport services in the Uruguay and post-Uruguay Round negotiations and the role of the sector in the ongoing Doha Round talks, where Member States have the opportunity to work towards a global regime ensuring the progressive liberalization of the sector. The reader will be confronted with an extensive overview of the role of  maritime transport services in the WTO/GATS framework, a topic basically uncovered in the literature so far.

Classification societies are charged with the technical supervision of maritime shipping to enhance the safety of life and property at sea by securing high te- nical standards of design, manufacture, construction and maintenance of seagoing vessels. Each and every shipping catastrophe caused by a technical defect reminds the maritime world of the central importance of the vessel’s proper technical supervision. Correspondingly, the liability of classification societies has become a particularly discussed issue over the past years. Their contractual liability is usually limited by general terms and conditions incorporated in the classification rules and cases brought by typical contracting partners of classification societies, such as ship owners and ship yards, are not an issue in the current debate. H- ever, one can note a substantial worldwide increase of actions brought by parties who are not in privity with classification societies. This study focuses on third-party liability of classification societies. It ori- nates in an expert opinion on selected issues relating to third-party liability which the authors compiled for the German classification society Germanischer Lloyd AG. Driven by the highly interesting legal issues and unexplored shores in this area of law, we continued our research and are able to present a relatively c- prehensive overview on the law on third-party liability of classification societies. Given the origins of our work, the discussion of limitations of liability clauses is based on the standard terms and conditions of the Germanischer Lloyd, version 2005.

In jüngerer Vergangenheit wurde in Seenot geratenen Schiffen häufig der Zugang zu Häfen verwehrt. Umweltkatastrophen oder Flüchtlingstragödien waren oftmals die Folge. Dies belegen die Fälle der Erika, Tampa und Prestige. Ausgehend von dem historischen Nothafenrecht und allgemeinen Notstandsrechten untersucht die vorliegende Dissertation das Recht des Zugangs zu Notliegeplätzen für Schiffe in Seenot. Sie analysiert dessen Fortentwicklung im modernen Seevölker- und Europarecht sowie im nationalen Recht auch mit Blick auf das Umweltvölkerrecht und Flüchtlingsrecht. Indem diese Arbeit die Grundlagen für internationale Vereinbarungen, Richtlinien und Maßnahmen nationaler Hafenentwicklungen entwickelt, leistet sie einen Beitrag zu mehr Rechtssicherheit in Fällen der Seenot.

Dr Yang's book deals with the port and coastal State's jurisdiction over foreign merchant ships as well as with the rights and duties of these ships in the internal waters and in the territorial sea.

Oil tankers are not the only vessels that have caused oil pollution at sea. Numerous spills in the past have been of heavy fuel oil from non-tankers. However, the international liability and compensation regime covered only oil pollution damage caused by oil tankers. There was thus a need to bring the law on marine oil pollution responsive to oil pollution damage caused by non-tankers.  In March 2001, the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage was adopted following a diplomatic conference at the International Maritime Organization. Though this convention has not yet come into force, its various aspects should already be considered as they will surely affect the maritime industry as a whole and the non-tanker sector, in particular. This book provides a timely and comprehensive study on the concept of compulsory insurance, its main purpose of ensuring compensation and its interrelations with other features such as the rule of strict liability and the limitation of liability under the convention.

Das Werk stellt einen Beitrag zur aktuellen Diskussion um die Änderung des internationalen Haftungs- und Entschädigungssystems für Schäden nach Tankerunfällen auf See dar. Das seit 1969 bestehende und im wesentlichen nur 1992 in einigen Bereichen überarbeitete System ist nach den medienwirksamen Unfällen der "Erika" im Jahr 1999 und der "Prestige" im Jahr 2002 zunehmend in die Kritik geraten. Der Autor analysiert das internationale Haftungs- und Entschädigungssystem sowie die dazu vorhandene Rechtsprechung und setzt sich hiermit kritisch auseinander. Anschließend wird rechtsvergleichend das alternative Modell des US-Oil Pollution Acts von 1990 und die aktuelle Diskussion auf europäischer und internationaler Ebene betrachtet. Nach ausführlichen Überlegungen zur Verbesserung des Systems, mündet die Untersuchung in konkreten Änderungsvorschlägen, die insbesondere die Erweiterung des Kreises der haftenden Personen, eine signifikante Erhöhung der Haftungs- und Entschädigungssummen und die Ausweitung des Ersatzes für Umweltschäden fordern.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are harmful to human health and to the environment. Their fate in the marine environment is not yet fully understood. An ocean model (FANTOM) has been developed to investigate the fate of selected POPs in the North Sea. The main focus of the model is on quantifying the distribution of POPs and their aquatic pathways. This is the first time that a spatially-resolved, measurement-based ocean transport model has been used to study POP-like substances, at least on the regional scale. The model was applied for the southern North Sea and tested by studying the behaviour of g-HCH, a-HCH and PCB 153 in sea water. This model study proves that transport models, such as FANTOM, are capable of reproducing realistic multi-year temporal and spatial trends of selected POPs and can be used to address further scientific questions.

Despite the social, nutritional, economical and environmental importance of Tanzanian coastal areas, yet they are vulnerable to both over-exploitation and degradation of their habitats. Using the data from two coastal villages and econometric methods as well as Stochastic Production Frontier techniques, the book demonstrates the extent which various socio-economic dimensions of rural coastal households influence livelihood pathways, production efficiency and attitudes towards conservation initiatives. Thus, attention to differential patterns of rural coastal households presents more viable possibilities for coastal villages to have conservation-development policies/programs that lead to poverty reduction.

Classification societies are discharging various functions in the interest of flag States and shipowners. This study analyses which actions of classification societies may give rise to claims and whether or not the societies can be held liable under English, German or United States maritime law.

In May 2005, the International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs organized an international conference addressing marine pollution. At the conf- ence venue, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, academics and practitioners debated recent developments from an interdisciplinary perspective. The papers shed light upon ecological aspects, upon the efforts of the international community to prevent and combat marine pollution by appropriate institutions and regulations, and upon the compensation of losses which have occurred despite those efforts. The present volume collects the papers of the conference and at the same time conveys an impression of the diversity of subjects discussed in the International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs. The editors of this book have been supported by advice and help from several persons: In particular we are indebted to Dr. Silke Knaut and Dr. Anatol Dutta for their editorial assistance, to Anna-Maria Hubert who, as a native speaker, carried out the linguistic revision of several papers, and to Ingeborg Stahl for the prepa- tion of the manuscript. Hamburg, April 2007 Jürgen Basedow/Ulrich Magnus Contents Contributors...........................................................................................................IX Welcome Address and Introduction Marine Pollution as a Topic of Research and Policy Jürgen Basedow ......................................................................................................1

A multitude of conventions in the area of the Law of the Sea contains provisions on the issue of compensation for (wrongful) interferences with navigation.

This book represents the Ph. D. study conducted at the Max-Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs at the University of Hamburg between 2004 and 2007. The topic of the study was suggested by my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Peter Mankowski. I want to express my deepest gratitude and thanks to Prof. Dr. Mankowski for his meritorious contribution, invaluable support and encoura- ment. I would like to extend my appreciation and thanks to second examiner Prof. Dr. Ulrich Magnus for the expeditious submission of the second opinion on my dissertation. The Max-Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs is distinct in its mul- disciplinary post-graduate study on maritime matters. I am deeply honored to be a member of the Max-Planck Research School. I am most grateful to its Directors for admitting me as a scholar, providing me with a generous scholarship and grant for the publication of this book in the Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs series. Thanks are also due to the former and current coordinators of the Research School for their guidance and assistance. I owe particular thanks to Dr. Silke Knaut and Ms. Vera Wiedenbeck for their great care. The library of the Max- Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law is a treasury of resources and has provided me with a convenient and efficient environment to carry out research for my dissertation. The Hanseatic City of Hamburg with its maritime flair is an excellent place to study maritime matters.

Designations of large Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) triggered a controversial debate within the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) concerning the legal basis of PSSAs, the relationship between the IMO’s PSSA guidelines and UNCLOS, as well as the competency of IMO to adopt mandatory protective measures in these areas. As a result, IMO conducted a review process which led to substantially updated guidelines adopted in late 2005.This book provides a detailed analysis of the PSSA guidelines and protective measures available in PSSAs. Emphasis is placed on their legal basis and the implications for coastal states' jurisdiction over vessel-source pollution.

ThisbookdependsonadissertationpreparedattheDepartementofGeosciencesat theUniversityHamburg. ItwasacceptedbytheDepartementwiththegradesumma cumlaudein2008. IwouldliketothankmyacademicadvisorProf. Dr. WilfriedZahelforhisconstant supportandforthelongandconstructivediscussions. Further,IwouldliketothankProf. Dr. Jur .. genSundermann .. forintroducingmeto theInternationalMaxPlanckResearchSchool. TheInternationalMaxPlanckResearchSchoolforMaritimeAffairsandinparticu larProf. Dr. Dr. h. c. Jur .. genBasedowandhisco directorsarethankedforgivingme theopportunitytoperformthisstudyinHamburg. IacknowledgethecomputationalsupportoftheDKRZandNEC,especiallythe helpfulcommentsofKlausKetelsenandJens OlafBeismann. LastbutnotleastmanythankstomywifeJanaSillmannandmysonDariusfor givingmethetimeIneededforthisstudyandprovidingajoyfulandlovinghome. ThisworkhasbeenfundedbytheInternationalMaxPlanckResearchSchoolfor MaritimeAffairsattheUniversityHamburg. Hamburg,August2008 MalteMuller .. Contents Abstract...1 1 Introduction...3 2 TheoryandModel ...7 2. 1 Theory ...7 2. 1. 1 SecondaryForces:TheLoadingandSelf AttractionEffect . 8 2. 1. 2 TheEquationsofMotionandtheEquationofContinuity...11 2. 1. 3 EnergyBalance...14 2. 1. 4 ParameterizationoftheLSA AnAnalyticalApproach ...16 2. 2 Model...18 2. 2. 1 TheImplicitlyRestartedArnoldiMethod...19 2. 2. 2 TheParallelizationwithMPI ...21 2. 2. 3 ThePerformanceoftheModel...21 3 TheFreeOscillations...23 3. 1 GravitationalModes...23 3. 1. 1 The? value...24 3. 1. 2 TheIn?uenceoftheLSA ...25 3. 1. 3 TheAntarcticKelvinWave...30 3. 1. 4 NewModes...30 3. 1. 5 TheSlowestModes ...31 3. 2 VorticityModes...32 3. 2. 1 TopographicalVorticityModes...32 3. 2. 2 PlanetaryVorticityModes...34 4 SynthesisofForcedOscillations...39 4. 1 TidalDynamicsandtheIn?uenceofLSA...40 4. 1. 1 TheProcedureofTidalSynthesis...40 4. 1. 2 LSA effectonForcedOscillations...45 4. 1. 3 TheSynthesisoftheSemidiurnalandDiurnalTides...50 xi xii Contents 4. 2 IntegrationoftheSolutionsofaTidalModelwithAssimilationof Data...55 4. 2. 1 NewExpansionCoef?cients...55 4. 2. 2 NewFrequenciesandAdjointEigenfunctions ...59 4. 2. 3 Results...61 4. 2. 4 Summary...70 4. 2. 5 Discussion...71 5 Conclusion ...73 Figures...75 Tables...101 Appendix...105 ListofSymbols ...109 References...113 Index ...117 Abstract AnewsetofbarotropicfreeoscillationsoftheWorldOceaniscomputedwithex plicitconsiderationofdissipativetermsandthefulloceanloadingandself attraction effect(LSA). Thissetcontainsfreeoscillationsthatdidnotappearinthespectraof previousstudies. Furthermore,theexpansiontowardslongerperiods(165hours) yieldsnewglobalplanetarymodes. Altogether169freeoscillationsarecomputed withperiodslongerthan7. 7hours. Ofthese,71aregravitationalmodes,92areto pographicallycontrolledvorticitymodes,and6areplanetaryvorticitymodes. The in?uenceoftheLSAisinvestigatedforallthreekindsofmodeswithrespectto changesintheperiodsandinthespatialstructureoftheseasurfaceelevationand thehorizontalmasstransports. Inparticular,formodesinthesemi diurnalanddi urnalperiodrange,theparameterizationoftheLSAisanalyzed. Forthefreeoscillationsintheperiodrangefrom9to40hoursthecorresponding adjointsolutionsarecomputedandusedtosynthesizesemidiurnalanddiurnaltides ofseconddegree. Sincethesefreeoscillationsaredeterminedwithandwithoutcon siderationofthefullLSA effect,thisstudyallowsforadetailedanalysisoftheLSA onthedynamicsofoceantides,e. g. anphysicalexplanationisgivenfortheinduced phasedelaycomputedbyoceantidemodels.Further,thesynthesisgivesaspectral compositionofcertainwellknowntidalfeaturesandpairsoffreeoscillationsare identi?ed,diminishingtheircontributioneitheronaglobalorlocalscale. Further,semidiurnalanddiurnaltidalsolutionsofatidalmodelwithassimilation ofdataareintegratedintheprocedureofsynthesizingtides.

Migrationsbewegungen auf dem Seeweg stellen die von der Einwanderung betroffenen Küstenstaaten und die zur Seenotrettung verpflichtete Handelsschifffahrt vor große Schwierigkeiten. Zum einen werden die Instrumente des internationalen Rechts analysiert, die der Kontrolle der Einwanderung und der Bekämpfung des Menschenschmuggels dienen.

A liner conference, as a self-regulation organisational form of liner shipping companies, constitutes a typical "hard-core cartel" with significant anti-competitive effect. One of the main three trade routes of liner shipping traffic is the Europe-Asia Trade, on the two ends of which both the European Community (EC) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) play important roles in the international liner shipping market. However, the competition regimes on liner conferences in both jurisdictions are not equivalent. From a comparative point of view, this book reviews the historical development of maritime policy and regulatory legislation in the EC and the PRC, catches insight into the system of regulation regime and individual provisions in substantive and procedural meaning, and finally provides a wide-ranging perspective on the future competition regulation in respect of the latest developments in both jurisdictions.

In 2007, the International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), both based in Hamburg, decided to establish an annual lecture series, the "Hamburg Lectures on Maritime Affairs" – giving distinguished scholars and practitioners the opportunity to present and discuss recent developments in the field of maritime affairs. The present volume collects seven of the lectures held in 2007 and 2008 by Thomas A. Mensah, Krijn Haak, Sergio M. Carbone, Lorenzo Schiano di Pepe, Erik Røsæg, Frank Smeele, Carlos Esplugues Mota and Lucius Caflisch.

Persistent organic contaminants, which are bioaccumulative and toxic are a concern for the ecosystems and human health and are regulated under international law (global and regional conventions, besides other). If semivolatile, they cycle in different environmental compartments and follow complex transport pathways. The ocean is believed to play a key role in the cycling by accumulating and storing the contaminant and providing a transport medium. But substance fate in the marine environment is not fully understood yet. Here, the global multicompartment chemistry-transport model MPI-MCTM is used to study the fate of organic pollutants in the marine and total environment. For the first time historical emission data are used in spatially-resolved long-term simulations of an insecticide, DDT, and an industrial chemical, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The model results give new insights into the cycling of these substances as different spatial and process resolutions were tested. E.g. for DDT the model results show saturation and reversal of air-sea exchange, which was not indicated by any other study before.

Jurisdiction and arbitration clauses are two different mechanisms that help to ensure impartiality and predictability in international dispute resolution. Despite their benefits, these clauses can be inconvenient for parties that are forced to litigate before distant fora. Moreover, particular problems arise in the context of maritime transport documents. Based on a broad comparative approach, this study seeks to explain the existing rules within their legal context and to develop a coherent system for such clauses, which takes into account the underlying interests as well as economic theory. While offering detailed answers to most issues surrounding jurisdiction and arbitration clauses in maritime transport documents, the book confronts the fundamental question of the limits of freedom of contract in an international setting.

Subsidies to fisheries have been in existence for centuries. However, these remained outside the spotlight of the international community until the turn of this century when the negative effects that fisheries subsidies have on international trade, the environment and sustainable development became increasingly clear. As a result the Doha Round Negotiations set the parameters for an effective fisheries subsidies regime. WTO Members thus embarked in intensive negotiations with the collaboration of various international organizations. These negotiations culminated with publication of the legal text of the Chairman of the Negotiating Group on Rules in 2007 which reflects to a large extent the mandates of the Ministerial Conferences and reconciles the diverse interests of the negotiators. The EU as a major WTO Member and with its own Common Fisheries Policy which has been in effect for a number of years can serve as the basis for comparison and improvement of the proposed regulations.

Der Autor untersucht das Seeprivatrecht in Bezug auf die Frage, wie sich etwaige Streitigkeiten in das System des vereinheitlichten europäischen Prozessrechts – namentlich der Verordnung des Rates über die gerichtliche Zuständigkeit und die Anerkennung und Vollstreckung von Entscheidungen in Zivil- und Handelssachen (EuGVVO) als wichtigstem sekundärrechtlichen Instrument – einfügen. Dabei analysiert er, welche Gerichtsstände der EuGVVO für die jeweiligen Streitigkeiten eröffnet sind und welche spezifisch seeprozessrechtlichen Probleme sich ergeben. Die Schwerpunkte bilden das Seetransport- und das Seearbeitsrecht. Dies ist zum einen der praktischen Relevanz dieser Rechtsgebiete und den hierzu ergangen Entscheidungen des Europäischen Gerichtshofs (EuGH) geschuldet. Andererseits eignen sich gerade diese beiden Bereiche zur Darstellung allgemeiner Fragen, insbesondere des Zusammenspiels von Seeprivatrecht, Seevölkerrecht und europäischem Prozessrecht. Grundsätzlich folgt die Arbeit dabei dem Aufbau der EuGVVO.

The main rationale of the conventions on international transport law is to limit the liability of the carrier. To this end, the historical background of the term, together with its function and role in marine insurance law, case law and international transport law, are examined from a comparative perspective.

In 2007, the International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs together with the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), both based in Hamburg, decided to establish an annual lecture series, the "Hamburg Lectures on Maritime Affairs" - giving distinguished scholars and practitioners the opportunity to present and discuss recent developments in this field. The present volume - the second in the series - collects eight of the lectures held in 2009 and 2010 by David Joseph Attard, Lucius Caflisch, Beate Czerwenka, Lars Gorton, Francesco Munari, Kyriaki Noussia, Peter Wetterstein and Wolfgang Wurmnest.

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the Hong Kong Ship Recycling Convention as adopted in May 2009 and a thorough analysis of the overall status quo of ship recycling regulations. It investigates the lack of sufficient ratifications of the Convention from both a legal and an economic perspective. The first part of the study focuses on the history of the Convention’s entry-into-force provision and the rationale behind it. Due to the fact that this provision provides a considerable additional obstacle to the Convention’s becoming legally binding, in the second part the focus of the work shifts to unilateral action in this field. An overview of the legal environment of European ship recycling legislation is followed by an analysis and evaluation of a number of proposals by the European Commission attempting to tackle the problems of current ship recycling procedures. With a particular emphasis on (planned) European measures in this regard, the analysis’ overall message is one of cautious optimism.