Interdisciplinary Systems Research – serie
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Häftad, Tyska, 1974
500 kr
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Die Erklärung komplexer Prozesse als ein System von zeitabhängigen und zeitunabhängigen Einfluss grössen ist eines der Hauptprobleme moderner Sozialwissenschaft und Verhaltensforschung. Der Fort schritt in diesen Wissenschaften hängt deshalb unmittelbar mit der Entwicklung leistungsfähiger mathematischer Methoden zusammen, mit denen sich solche Prozesse identifizieren lassen. Die Methodenrückständigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften ist bekannt und wurde - mit Recht - immer wieder kritisiert. Nur wenige Mathematiker aber legten - und im besten Falle nur an Beispielen aus der Technik dargestellt - neue Methoden vor und prüften sie kritisch auf ihre Anwendbarkeit in den Sozial wissenschaften hin. Die für die Sozialwissenschaften fundamentale Arbeit von Rene Hirsig ist in diesem Sinne eine der sel tenen Ausnahmen. Die darin entwickelte mathematische Identifikationsmethode auferlegt dem Sozial forscher ein Minimum an Restriktionen und ist ein systematisches Trial-and-error-Verfahren, das die Struktur von Prozessen mathematisch abzubilden ermöglicht. Gleichzeitig bildet es die Basis für Simu lationen und Optimierungen und stellt damit eine exakte Methode für Prognosen, therapeutische und präventive Massnahmen dar. Dass R. Hirsig nebenbei noch innovativ die Anwendung des Computerterminals für soziale Labor experimente demonstrierte und damit gleichzeitig widersprüchliche Aussagen der Konformitätstheorie überprüfte, ist zwar ein Nebenprodukt dieser Arbeit aber deshalb bedeutungsvoll, weil damit die renommierte Konformitätstheorie in der Tradition von S. E. Asch und B. P. Cohen präzisiert und revidiert wird. Der Nachweis der Zeitabhängigkeit des Konformitätsprozesses und der Verknüpfung vom An passungsverhalten mit Merkmalen derPersönlichkeit konnte nur durch diese neue mathematische Methode eindeutig nachgewiesen werden.
Häftad, Tyska, 1974
507 kr
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Häftad, Tyska, 1975
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Häftad, Engelska, 1975
490 kr
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The Industrial Robot-a programmable device capable of executing autonomously a number of manipulations in a production line--opens new perspectives in terms of progress in the mechan ization of industrial production. It ought to be able to liberate man from dangerous, unpleasant and monotonous work. Industrial Robots made their first appearance in the USA in 1962 where they were mainly used in the automobile industry. Since then the number of manufacturers has increased substantially and Industrial Robots are currently finding ever widening fields of application. Anyone wishing to learn something about Industrial Robots is somewhat confined to conferences and their proceedings as these are at the moment the best way to keep abreast of developments in this new and complex field. The "Journees de Microtechnique" take place every two years at the Swiss Institute of Technology in Lausanne and treat a different subject of current interest on each occasion. The subject chosen for October 1974 was the Industrial Robot in general. together with its precision engineering aspects. The present proceedings although somewhat heterogenious, provide abrief introduction to this field and record the state of this technique, of a marked interdisciplinary nature, which is in constant and rapid development.
Häftad, Tyska, 1975
507 kr
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507 kr
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Häftad, Tyska, 1975
507 kr
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Häftad, Tyska, 1975
507 kr
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Häftad, Engelska, 1976
490 kr
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Ten years ago, Zadeh has brought into vogue the use of a name. Scientists no is an increasing less than poets strike off words that fit a situation. Today there recognition that for understanding vagueness, a fuzzy approach is required. We are just going through ~ transient period. From discussions of general philosophy to practical methods for system analysis. Unfortunately, much of the existing research is scattered. The practitioner interested in these methods face the challenge of sorting through a vast amount of literature to find a core on which to build. One of the objects of this book was to facilitate communication by bringing toge ther different viewpoints and coloring them from a common viewpoint. Since the romanian version appeared, at the very beginning of 1974, there has been a rapid growth in the literature of fuzzy modelling. A minor revision would have left the book quite out-of-date. The opportunity has been taken to correct, clarify, and update. Inexactness is implicit in human behaviour and erare humanum est. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help we have received in preparing this version. The opportunity to see an english edition was a powerful stimulus, and we are grateful to Salomon Klaczko for making this possible. Another debt is to all fuzzy authors we have quoted. Their fascinating papers kindled our interest in the subject.
Häftad, Engelska, 1975
534 kr
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Shape grammars provide a means for the recursive specification of shapes. The formalism for shape grammars is designed to be easily usable and understandable by people and at the same time to be adaptable for use in computer programs. Shape grammars are similar to phrase structura grammars, which were developed by Chomsky [ 1956, 1957]. Where a phrase structura grammar is defined over an alphabet of symbols and generates a language of sequences of symbols, a shape grammar is defined over an alphabet of shapes and generates a language of shapes. This dissertation explores the uses of shape grammars. The dissertation is divided into three sections and an appendix. In the first section: Shape grammars are defined. Some simple examples are given for instructiva purposes. Shape grammars are used to generate a new class of reversible figures. Shape grammars are given for some well-known mathematical curves (the Snowflake curve, a variation of Peano's curve, and Hilbert's curve). To show the general computational power of shape grammars, a procedura that given any Turing machine constructs a shape grammar that simulates the operation of that Turing machine is presented. Related work on various formalisms for pictura grammars is described. A symbolic characterization of shape grammars is given that is useful for implementing shape grammars in computer programs.
Häftad, Engelska, 1976
490 kr
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Häftad, Engelska, 1976
534 kr
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Häftad, Tyska, 1976
457 kr
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Häftad, Engelska, 1976
490 kr
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1.0 2 information structures, and the runtime efficiency available using lower level data structures. We believe these runtime inefficiencies can be remedied by providing a library of representations for the information structures and a user assisted automatic system to choose appropriate elements from this library for the user's programs. The main problems in such an automatic approach are: 1). Building a library of representations; 2). Characterizing the properties of these representations; 3). understanding how the user's program actually uses the abstract information structures; and -4). efficiently matching the user program needs with the properties of the known representations. The research reported here is an attempt to demonstrate the feasibility of such automatic representation selection. We allow the user to express data in terms of relations, sets, and sequences. Our system then obtains information by analysis of the program, execution statement profiles and interrogation of the user. Using that information, the system selects efficient (in terms of time and space) low level implementations for the user's information structures from a fixed library of information structure representations. Though we have considered only a few abstract information structures (those available in our programming language, SAIL) we believe the techniques used in this system are generally applicable.
Häftad, Engelska, 1976
490 kr
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A four year old child sits in front of a heap of wooden blocks and tries to stand them in a straight line in order of size. There is no doubt that he understands the task, for he can distinguish between correct and incorrect solutions. Yet no matter how he arranges and rearranges the blocks, they seem obstinately to refuse to be aligned into the desired staircase like pattern. A year later he does much better: he can seriate six blocks differing in length by about an inch. But faced with eight of the blocks, or with six blocks differing by only half an inch, he is again unable to complete the task. He manages to build an ordered line, but leaves out one or two of the blocks: or perhaps he organises the blocks into two distinct lines and then finds himself unable to combine them. A year later still and he is now an accomplished performer. Presented with any seriation task involving the wooden blocks he carries it out smoothly, confidently, and correctly [1].
Häftad, Engelska, 1976
490 kr
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In an ever more complex and interrelated world, a better understanding of social systems and of the dynamics of their behavior is of crucial im portance. Many of the tools holding promise of potentially significant contributions to the analysis of social systems have been, or are being developed outside of the social sciences proper, mostly the loose collec tion of diverse scientific approaches called' systems science' or , systems theory' . The editors - all of whom are involved in social systems analysis - have made an attempt in this volume to pull together several aspects of systems science which appear to them to be of particular relevance to the study of social systems: Control systems, stochastic systems, pattern recog nition, fuzzy analysis, simulation, and behavioral models. 29 authors from the disciplines of sociology, social psychology, political science, management science, history, behavioral science, economics, mathematics, engineering, and systems science have contributed to this truly interdis ciplinary effort. All of them have made the attempt to write in a manner understandable by the non-specialist. It is hoped that this volume will be of particular usefulness to students in the social sciences. Most of the articles are too short to provide much more than an initial stimulation. We trust that the references provided by the authors will allow deeper penetration into particular areas.
Häftad, Tyska, 1977
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Häftad, Engelska, 1976
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1.0 2 The attention then turned to the problem of "Body separation", i.e. separation of occluding bodies in a scene (See [Guzman), [Falk), and [Waltz)). Grape ([Grape)) combined the separation of bodies with recognition, by removing parts of the scene recognized as belonging to a known body. All of these techniques were designed to work with polyhedral objects only, and extensively use the properties of edges and vertices. Though some impressive results have been reported ([Waltz], [Grape)), and perhaps some useful abstractions can be made, the specific techniques used fail to generalize to a wider class of objects. Among previous work on curved objects, B.K.P. Horn ([Horn)) presented techniques for extracting three dimensional depth data from a TV image, using reflection characteristics of the surface. Krakauer ([Krakauer]) represented objects by connections of brightness contours. Ambler et al ([Ambler)) describe experiments with simple shapes, including curved objects, using relations within a two-dimensional image. However, none of these efforts really addresses the problem of "shape" representation and description. Work on outdoor scene analysis is also concerned with non-polyhedral objects ([Bajcsy], [Yakimovsky]), but again no attention has been paid to shape analysis.
Häftad, Engelska, 1976
534 kr
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The role of the computer in the practice of organic chemistry has been firmly established over the past decade. Its uses as a large scale information storage and retrieval device in chemistry have been too numerous to mention. More recently, the applicability of computers to the problem of discovering valid and reasonable synthesis routes for organic molecules has been demonstrated. This has been both as an adjunct to the 1 chemist in the on-line interactive mode ,2,3 and also as a wholly computer-directed system seeking to simulate the intelligent prob- 4 lem-solving activity of the human organic synthetic chemist. ,5 In all of these computer applications to organic chemistry, it has been necessary to devise some computer-compatible repres- tation of an organic molecule that is both canonical and c- venient for table look-ups. This is in order that entities that have been constructed at different times under different circumstances can be identified and classified, with identical molecules being recognized as such even if their connection matrices list the elements of the molecule in different orders. E. J. Corey and W. T. Wipke, Science, 166, 178 (1969). 2 E. J. Corey, W. T. Wipke, R. D. Cramer III and W. J. Howe, J. Americ. Chern. Soc. , 94, 421 (1972) and 431 (1972). 3 E. J. Corey, R. D. Cramer III and W. J. Howe, ~. Americ. Chern. Soc. , 94, 440 (1972). 4 H. L. Gelernter, N. S. Sridharan and A. J.
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Häftad, Tyska, 1976
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Häftad, Tyska, 1976
507 kr
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Häftad, Tyska, 1977
507 kr
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Häftad, Engelska, 1977
534 kr
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1.1 Statement of the Problem This work describes a new and effective computer algorithm for detecting the contours of ribs in ehest radiographs. The problem, which is common to both the research areas of Machine Vision and Biomedical Computing, is to extract graphical information, such as that represented in Figure 1-lb, from a picture such as Figure 1-la. Figure 1-la shows a typical posterior-anterior (PA) ehest radiograph while Figure 1-lb shows a drawing of the ventral aspect of the thorax. lt is hoped that this researchwill contribute significantly toward developing an automated system for interpreting ehest radio graphs. 1.2 Why Have We Carried Out This Research? Since about one-third of the 650,000,000 medical radiographs (X-ray photographs) taken annually in the United States areehest radiographs, there is a growing awareness of the need for a computer aided system to help diagnose these radiographs. The detection of rib contours is, of course, a necessary element in such a system. In addition to being able to accommodate the need for a mass screening program, an automated systemalso has the ability to detect anomalies at earlier stages. Ziskin et al (1971) state that reliable 2 {a) Original Chest Radiograph Figure 1-1. A Chest Radiograph 3 VENTRAL CONTOUR CARTILAGE {b) THE THORAX; VENTRAL ASPECT OF A CHEST RADIOGRAPH Figura 1-1 A CHEST RADIOGRAPH studies indicate that even under routine conditions radiologists fail to detect approximately 30% of abnormalities in ehest X-ray films.
Häftad, Tyska, 1977
457 kr
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Häftad, Tyska, 1977
507 kr
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Häftad, Engelska, 1976
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0.1 Gaps in Optimizing A comparison of the levels of development of Operations Research, Simulation Technique and Optimal Control Theory appears to gain increasing interest. Operations Research Sciences achieved very high mathematical standards and solved a great amount of important optimization problems, mainly at the level of management of private corporation and civil or military government tasks, however, these achievements are seldom incorporated in the mathematical curriculum of modern universities. Nevertheless, Operations Research seems to have failed in solving long range or strategical problems as they arise in any broader social, economical or political context (MUller-Merbach, 1976). Also for the weakest task, namely that of improving theory building, system simulation works as an optimization tool. Simulation models of large complex systems, like socio economical or political ones, failed until now to fit large empirical data bases. This was, in fact, one of the few serious objections against the form in which Forrester solved some problems modelling and simulating urban and world de velopments (Forrester, 1969; Forrester, 1971; IEEE-SCC October 197o; IEEE-SMC April 1972; Mass, 1974; Schroeder, 1975).
Häftad, Engelska, 1977
498 kr
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This volume is the product of the Conference on Cognitive Process Models of Foreign Policy Decision-Making which was held in London at the Richardson Institute for Conflict and Peace Research from March 17-24, 1973. We would like to thank Michael Nicholson, Director of the Richardson Institute, for acting as the host of the Conference. Support for the Conference and the preparation of the Conference papers for publication was provided by the Mathematical Social Sciences Board (MSSB). The MSSB is funded by aNational Science Foundation grant which is administered by the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences as the primary grantee. We are grateful to Hayward Alker, Jr. and William H. Riker of the MSSB for their help and encouragement. The graph shown on the cover is a cognitive map representation of the output from our computer simulation of foreign pOlicy decision-making. We would like to thank Robert Axelrod and Gary Raffel of the University of Michigan for generating the graph. PART I INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 THOUGHT AND ACTION IN FOREIGN POLICY G. MATTHEW BONHAM The American University MICHAEL J. SHAPIRO University of Hawaii Introduction The papers assembled here constitute, and to some extent represent, widely disparate views of foreign policy thinking and decision-making. As is the case with almost any collective enterprise, it is possible to suggest some noteworthy resemblances among the contributions to this volume and to indicate grounds for distinguishing them from other "approaches.
Häftad, Engelska, 1977
542 kr
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This book is a presentation of my recent research work into the theory and applications of mathematical relations between finite sets. The consequent results and concepts are expressed in 'conjunction' with the idea of a union of simplicial complexes and the algorithms and overall methodology have become known as Q-Analysis. The mathematical ideas are essentially comhinatorial and are developed in Section-A of the book, whilst Section-R contains an application to a community study (that of the IJniversity of Rssex). All of the work has been published elsewhere, in the usual form of papers, and a comprehensive introduction to the whole approach will be found in my earlier book, Mathematical Structure in Human Affairs (Heinemann, London 1974). Much of the research work referred to in this present hook would not have been possible without the co-operation of my research team, of whom I would particularly like to thank J.II. Johnson, and its puhlication owes a lot to the secretarial help provided by ~Iary Low. R.H. Atkin IJniversity of Rssex U.K.