Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering – serie

Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting Networks approachs the existing framework for digital terrrestrial broadcasting, particularly the results of the Regional Radiocommunication Conference held in 2006. That conference established a new frequency plan for Europe, Africa and parts of Asia for digital terrestrial broadcasting. The book introduces the currently existing terrestrial broadcasting systems as well as the regulatory framework by which they can begin operating. Most importantly the book explains details of the GE06 Agreement, particularly Articles 4 and 5. It also discusses the frequency plan itself and the constraints it has been derived under. The book addresses the implementation of the GE06 Plan, which leads directly to all issues related to network planning and optimization of networks. Finally, the future development of the Plan and the digital dividend is addressed. This covers issues like sharing the UHF spectrum with mobile communication services and also touches upon the World Radio Conference 07 to be held in the fall in Geneva.

The development of computer and telecommunication technologies led to a revolutioninthewaythatpeopleworkandcommunicatewitheachother.One of the results is that large amount of information will increasingly be held in a form that is natural for users, as speech in natural language. In the presented work, we investigate the speech signal capture problem, which includes the separation of multiple interfering speakers using microphone arrays. Adaptive beamforming is a classical approach which has been developed since the seventies. However it requires a double-talk detector (DTD) that interrupts the adaptation when the target is active, since otherwise target cancelation occurs. The fact that several speakers may be active simulta- ouslymakesthisdetectiondi?cult,andifadditionalbackgroundnoiseoccurs, even less reliable. Our proposed approaches address this separation problem using continuous, uninterrupted adaptive algorithms. The advantage seems twofold:Firstly,thealgorithmdevelopmentismuchsimplersincenodetection mechanism needs to be designed and no threshold is to be tuned. Secondly, the performance may be improved due to the adaptation during periods of double-talk. In the ?rst part of the book, we investigate a modi?cation of the widely usedNLMSalgorithm,termedImplicitLMS(ILMS),whichimplicitlyincludes an adaptation control and does not require any threshold. Experimental ev- uations reveal that ILMS mitigates the target signal cancelation substantially with the distributed microphone array. However, in the more di?cult case of the compact microphone array, this algorithm does not su?ciently reduce the target signal cancelation. In this case, more sophisticated blind source se- ration techniques (BSS) seem necessary.

Bandwidth Extension of Speech Signals describes the theory and methods for quality enhancement of clean speech signals and distorted speech signals such as those that have undergone a band limitation, for instance, in a telephone network. Problems and the respective solutions are discussed for the different approaches. The different approaches are evaluated and a real-time implementation of the most promising approach is presented. The book includes topics related to speech coding, pattern- / speech recognition, speech enhancement, statistics and digital signal processing in general.

Digital Noise Monitoring of Defect Origin is for both academics and professionals in the fields of engineering, biological sciences, physical science, and automation with particular emphasis on power engineering, oil-and-gas extraction, and aviation among others. The focus of the book is on determining defect origins. The author divides the process into the stages of monitoring the defect origin, identification of the defect and its stages, and control of the defect. The significance of this work is also connected to the possibility of using the noise as a data carrier for creating technologies that detect the initial stage of changes in objects.

Wireless technology and handheld devices are dramatically changing the degrees of interaction throughout the world, further creating a ubiquitous network society. The emergence of advanced wireless telecommunication technologies and devices in today’s society has increased accuracy and access rate, all of which are increasingly essential as the volume of information handled by users expands at an accelerated pace. The requirement for mobility leads to increasing pressure for applications and wireless systems to revolve around the concept of continuous communication with anyone, anywhere, and anytime. With the wireless technology and devices come ?exibility in network design and quicker deployment time. Over the past decades, numerous wireless telecommu- cation topics have received increasing attention from industry professionals, a- demics, and government agencies. Among these topics are the wireless Internet; multimedia; 3G/4G wireless networks and systems; mobile and wireless network security; wireless network modeling, algorithms, and simulation; satellite based s- tems; 802.11x; RFID; and broadband wireless access.

Proceedings of the Light-Activated Tissue Regeneration and Therapy Conference covers issues such as the latest advances in the field and measurements including the determination of the mechanisms of light-activated tissue regeneration and therapy. Light sources, narrow and broadband, as well as the metrology and medical outcomes they produce, are discussed.This book discusses the following topics: Laser therapy; Mechanism; Photodynamic therapy; Cardiovascular; Pain; Neuroscience/Progenitor and Stem cells; Wound healing; Unusual Sources; Electrical Fields, Optical Fields and Other fields; Dentistry; Diabetes.The book is the first to present the mechanism which explains why light is an effective treatment for so many illnesses and diseases. It not only explains this mechanism, but also describes uses for the mechanism, as well as what new work is planned and advice on how to bring devices to FDA for clearance.

A large international conference on industrial engineering and operations research was held in Hong Kong, March 21–23, 2007, under the International Multi- Conference ofEngineers andComputerScientists(IMECS)2007. TheIMECS2007 is organized by the International Association of Engineers (IAENG), a nonpro t international association for engineers and computer scientists. The IMECS conf- ences serve as platforms for the engineering community to meet with each other and to exchange ideas. The conferences have also struck a balance between theory and application development. The conference committees consist of over 200 comm- teememberswhoaremainlyresearchcenterheads,facultydeans,departmentheads, professors, and research scientists from over 30 countries. The conferences are truly international meetings with a high level of participation from many countries. The response that we have received for the multi-conference is excellent. There have been more than 1100 manuscript submissions for the IMECS 2007. All submitted papers have gone through the peer review process, and the overall acceptance rate is 58. 46%. This volume contains revised and extended research articles on industrial engineering and operations research written by prominent researchers parti- pating in the multi-conference IMECS 2007. Topics covered include quality management systems, reliability and quality control, engineering experimental - sign, computer-supported collaborative engineering, human factors and ergonomics, computer-aided manufacturing, manufacturing processes and methods, engineering management and leadership, optimization, transportation network design, stochastic modeling, queuing theory, and industrial applications. The papers are representative in these subjects, sitting at the top end ofthe highest technologies in these elds.

A large international conference, Intelligent Systems and Computer Engineering, was held in Hong Kong, March 21–23, 2007, under the International MultiConf- ence of Engineers and Computer Scientists (IMECS) 2007. The IMECS 2007 is organized by the International Association of Engineers (IAENG), a nonpro?t int- national association for engineers and computer scientists. The IMECS conferences serve as good platforms for the engineering community to meet with each other and to exchange ideas. The conferences also strike a balance between theoretical and - plication development. The conference committees have been formed with over two hundred committee members who are mainly research center heads, faculty deans, department heads, professors, and research scientists from over thirty countries. The conferences are truly international meetings with a high level of participation from many countries. The response that we have received for the multiconference is - cellent. There have been more than one thousand one hundred manuscript subm- sions for the IMECS 2007. All submitted papers have gone through the peer review process and the overall acceptance rate is 58. 46%. This volume contains revised and extended research articles on intelligent s- tems and computer engineering written by prominent researchers participating in the multiconference IMECS 2007. There is huge demand, not only for theories but also applications, for the intelligent systems and computer engineering inthe society to meet the needs of rapidly developing top-end high technologies and to improve the increasing high quality of life.

A large international conference on Communication Systems and Electrical Engineering was held in Hong Kong on March 21–23, 2007, under the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists IMECS 2007. The IMECS 2007 is organized by the International Association of Engineers (IAENG), which is a nonpro?t international association for the engineers and computer scientists. The IMECS conferences serve as good platforms for the engineering community to meet with each other and exchange ideas. The conferences also struck a balance between theoretical and application development. The conference committees have been formed with over two hundred committee members who are mainly research center heads, faculty deans, department heads, professors, and research scientists from over 30 countries. The conferences are truly international meetings with a high level of participation from many countries. The response that we have received from the MultiConference is excellent. There have been more than 1,100 ma- script submissions for the IMECS 2007. All submitted papers have gone through the peer review process and the overall acceptance rate is 58.46 percent.

Currently there is a gap between the research conducted in computer vision and robotics communities. There are many characteristics in common in computer vision research and vision research in robotics. Despite having these common interests, however, “pure” computer vision has seen significant theoretical and methodological advances during the last decade which many of the robotics researchers are not fully aware of. On the other hand, the manipulation and control capabilities of robots as well as the range of application areas have developed greatly. In robotics, vision can not be considered an isolated component, but it is instead a part of a system resulting in an action. Thus, in robotics the vision research must include consideration of the control of the system, in other words, the entire perception-action loop. This requires that a holistic system approach is useful and could provide significant advances in this application domain. Assembled here is a collection of some of the state of the art methods that are using computer vision and machine learning techniques and apply them in robotic applications.

Recent Advances in Numerical Methods features contributions from distinguished researchers focused on significant aspects of current numerical methods and computational mathematics. This volume meets the need in the community for new computational methods that can solve complex scientific and engineering problems by presenting innovative methods that provide numerical solutions in effective computing times. Each chapter presents new and advanced methods and modern variations of known techniques that can solve difficult scientific problems efficiently and quickly.

Sensor and Ad-Hoc Networks: Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects brings together leading researchers and developers in the field of wireless sensor networks to explain the special problems and challenges of the algorithmic aspects of sensor and ad-hoc networks. The book also fosters communication not only between the different sensor and ad-hoc communities, but also between those communities and the distributed systems and information systems communities.The book defines and establishes a common infrastructure of the discipline and develops a consensus-based resource that will provide a foundation for implementation, standardization, and further research. The book identifies and defines fundamental concepts and techniques, resolves conflicts between certain approaches in the area and provides a common ground for advanced research and development in algorithmic aspects of sensor and ad-hoc networks, concentrating on the special challenges of the sensor and mobile and wireless environments. The topics that are addressed pertain to the sensors and mobile environment.

The European Computing Conference offers a unique forum for establishing new collaborations within present or upcoming research projects, exchanging useful ideas, presenting recent research results, participating in discussions and establishing new academic collaborations, linking university with the industry. Engineers and Scientists working on various areas of Systems Theory, Applied Mathematics, Simulation, Numerical and Computational Methods and Parallel Computing present the latest findings, advances, and current trends on a wide range of topics. This proceedings volume will be of interest to students, researchers, and practicing engineers.

Software testing has been considered so important that organizations can assign teams only for testing activities. Testing is an important activity to ensure software quality. Tests are usually run several times to certify that code ma- tenance did not accidentally insert defects into working parts of the software. In such situations, test teams shall be able to estimate the required effort to execute test cases in its schedules and to request more resources or negotiate deadlines when necessary. When regarding model-based testing approaches that we use in our documented Integrated and Optimized Software Testing methodology (IOSTP) [1–4], a high number of test cases can be automatically generated. As team resources are limited, it may be not practical to execute all generated test cases. Their complexity usually determines the effort required to execute them and it can be used for planning test resources and test suites. Several software development estimation models have been proposed over the years. However, these models do not estimate the effort for executing a given test suite, since their estimations are based on software development complexity instead of its test planning, test case design and test execution complexity. According to our reading of the literature (e. g. [5–14]), ‘‘best practices’’ in model-based effort estimation include: Local calibration (or LC); i. e. using local data to set two special tuning parameters; Stratification; i. e. given a database of past projects, and a current project to be estimated, restrict local calibration to just those records from similar projects.

The 3rd European Conference on Computer Network Defense took place in September 2007 at Aldemar Hotel, in Heraklion, Crete, Greece in cooperation with the European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA). The theme of the conference was the protection of computer networks. The conference drew participants from academia and industry in Europe and beyond to discuss hot topics in applied network and systems security. The conference was a great success, with 6 refereed papers and 6 invited presentations on topics ranging from high assurance networks of virtual machines to signaling vulnerabilities in wiretapping systems. This book contains the refereed as well as refereed papers. We are greatful to the authors and presenters for their contributions, as well as the participants of EC2N’07 for making the conference a success. We are looking forward to a successful EC2ND event in 2008. K. G. Anagnostakis, S. Ioannidis, V. Siris Contents 1 Tales from the Crypt: Fingerprinting Attacks on Encrypted Channels by Way of Retainting ........................................1 Michael Valkering, Asia Slowinska, and Herbert Bos 1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 2 Architecture ......................................................................................... 3 2.1 Tracking Issues .............................................................................. 4 2.2 Retainting ...................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Determining the Tag ............................................................. 6 2.2.2 Identifying the SSL Conversation ........................................ 8 2.3 Interposition Details...................................................................... 9 3 Signature Generation ........................................................................... 9 3.1 Pattern-Based Signatures ............................................................. 10 3.2 Signatures for Polymorphic Buffer Overflows ............................ 13 4 Filters ................................................................................................. 14 5 Results ............................................................................................... 15 6 Related Work ..................................................................................... 17 7 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 18 References ............................................................................................ 18 2 Towards High Assurance Networks of Virtual Machines...............21

Radio Monitoring: Problems, Methods, and Equipment offers a unified approach to fundamental aspects of Automated Radio Monitoring (ARM). The authors discuss the development, modeling, design, and manufacture of ARM systems. Data from established and recent research are presented and recommendations are made on methods and approaches for solving common problems in ARM. The authors also provide classification and detailed descriptions of modern high-efficient hardware-software ARM equipment, including the equipment for detection, radio direction-finding, parameters measurement and their analysis, and the identification and localization of the electromagnetic field sources. Examples of ARM equipment structure, applications, and software are provided to manage a variety of complicated interference environment in the industrial centers, inside of the buildings, and in the open terrain. This book provides a reference for professionals and researchers interested in deploying ARM technology as a tool for solving problems from radio frequency spectrum usage control.

Since the principle of multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) was simultaneously proposed by Khaled Fazel et al. and Nathan Yee et al. at the IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) in the year 1993, multi-carrier spread spectrum (MC-SS) has rapidly become one of the most wide spread independent research topics on the field of mobile radio communications. Therefore, the International Workshop on Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum (MC-SS) was initiated in the year 1997. Multi-carrier and spread spectrum systems with their generic air interface and adaptive technologies are considered as potential candidates to fulfill the requirements of next generation mobile communications systems. The material summarized in this volume was selected for the 6th International Workshop on Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum (MC-SS 2007) held in Herrsching, Germany from 07-09 May 2007. The workshop was organized by the Institute of Communications and Navigation of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. During the workshop, many hot topics in the field of MC-SS were covered. First, several presentations regarding General Issues were given. Iterative Decoding strategies were also discussed. Furthermore, a special session was addressed on Interleave Multiple Division Access (IDMA). In the areas of Spectrum and Interference, Data Transmission, Adaptive Transmission, Multiple Antennas, Multi-Cell and Multi-Link, and Synchronization and Tracking new and innovative algorithms, strategies, and systems were proposed. Finally, a dominant hot topic during this workshop was the problem of Channel Estimation.

FDL is the most important European and, probably, worldwide forum to present research results, to exchange experiences, and to learn about new trends in the application of specification and design languages and the associated design and modeling methods and tools for complex, heterogeneous HW/SW embedded systems. FDL’07 was the tenth of a series of successful events held all around Europe. FDL’07 was held in Barcelona, the capital city of Catalonia, Spain. The high number of submissions to the conference this year allowed the Program Committee to prepare a high quality conference program. Specification and Design Languages for Heterogeneous HW/SW Embedded Systems includes a selection of the most relevant contributions based on the review made by the program committee members and the quality of the contents of the presentation at the conference. In many cases, the authors have improved the original content with additional technical information. The papers cover the most important aspects in system modeling and specification, an essential area in Embedded Systems design.The objective of Specification and Design Languages for Heterogeneous HW/SW Embedded Systems is to serve as a reference text for researchers and designers interested in the extension and improvement of the application of design and verification languages in the area of Embedded Systems.

Advances in Computational Algorithms and Data Analysis offers state of the art  tremendous advances in computational algorithms and data analysis. The selected articles are representative in these subjects sitting on the top-end-high technologies. The volume serves as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working on computational algorithms and data analysis.

Data Mining and Applications in Genomics contains the data mining algorithms and their applications in genomics, with frontier case studies based on the recent and current works at the University of Hong Kong and the Oxford University Computing Laboratory, University of Oxford. It provides a systematic introduction to the use of data mining algorithms as an investigative tool for applications in genomics. Data Mining and Applications in Genomics offers state of the art of tremendous advances in data mining algorithms and applications in genomics and also serves as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working on data mining algorithms and applications in genomics.

What is exactly “Safety”? A safety system should be defined as a system that will not endanger human life or the environment. A safety-critical system requires utmost care in their specification and design in order to avoid possible errors in their implementation that should result in unexpected system’s behavior during his operating “life”. An inappropriate method could lead to loss of life, and will almost certainly result in financial penalties in the long run, whether because of loss of business or because the imposition of fines. Risks of this kind are usually managed with the methods and tools of the “safety engineering”. A life-critical system is designed to 9 lose less than one life per billion (10 ). Nowadays, computers are used at least an order of magnitude more in safety-critical applications compared to two decades ago. Increasingly electronic devices are being used in applications where their correct operation is vital to ensure the safety of the human life and the environment. These application ranging from the anti-lock braking systems (ABS) in automobiles, to the fly-by-wire aircrafts, to biomedical supports to the human care. Therefore, it is vital that electronic designers be aware of the safety implications of the systems they develop. State of the art electronic systems are increasingly adopting progr- mable devices for electronic applications on earthling system. In particular, the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices are becoming very interesting due to their characteristics in terms of performance, dimensions and cost.

Functional Design Errors in Digital Circuits Diagnosis covers a wide spectrum of innovative methods to automate the debugging process throughout the design flow: from Register-Transfer Level (RTL) all the way to the silicon die. In particular, this book describes: (1) techniques for bug trace minimization that simplify debugging; (2) an RTL error diagnosis method that identifies the root cause of errors directly; (3) a counterexample-guided error-repair framework to automatically fix errors in gate-level and RTL designs; (4) a symmetry-based rewiring technology for fixing electrical errors; (5) an incremental verification system for physical synthesis; and (6) an integrated framework for post-silicon debugging and layout repair. The solutions provided in this book can greatly reduce debugging effort, enhance design quality, and ultimately enable the design and manufacture of more reliable electronic devices.

A large international conference on Advances in Communication Technologies and EngineeringSciencewasheldinHongKong,March19-21,2008,undertheInter- tional MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists (IMECS 2008). The IMECS 2008 is organized by the International Association of Engineers (IAENG). IAENG is a non-pro t international association for the engineers and the computer scientists, whichwasfoundoriginallyin 1968andhasbeenundergoingrapidexp- sions in recent few years. The IMECS conferences serve as good platforms for the engineering community to meet with each other and to exchange ideas. The conf- ences have also stroke a balance between theoretical and application development. The conference committees have been formed with over two hundred committee members who are mainly research center heads, faculty deans, department heads, professors,and research scientists from over30 countries.The conferencesare truly international meetings with a high level of participation from many countries. The response that we have received for the congress is excellent. There have been more than ve hundred manuscript submissions for the IMECS 2008.All submitted - pers have gone through the peer review process and the overall acceptance rate is 56.03%. Thisvolumecontainsrevisedandextendedresearcharticleswrittenbyprominent researchers participating in the conference. Topics covered include communi- tions theory, communications protocols, network management, wireless networks, telecommunication,electronics,power engineering,controlengineering,signal p- cessing, and industrial applications. The book will offer the states of arts of trem- dousadvancesin communicationsystems and engineeringscience and also serve as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working with/on communication technologies and engineering science.

Embedded systems take over complex control and data processing tasks in diverse application ?elds such as automotive, avionics, consumer products, and telec- munications. They are the primary driver for improving overall system safety, ef?ciency, and comfort. The demand for further improvement in these aspects can only be satis?ed by designing embedded systems of increasing complexity, which in turn necessitates the development of new system design methodologies based on speci?cation, design, and veri?cation languages. The objective of the book at hand is to provide researchers and designers with an overview of current research trends, results, and application experiences in c- puter languages for embedded systems. The book builds upon the most relevant contributions to the 2008 conference Forum on Design Languages (FDL), the p- mier international conference specializing in this ?eld. These contributions have been selected based on the results of reviews provided by leading experts from - search and industry. In many cases, the authors have improved their original work by adding breadth, depth, or explanation.

Developing NoC based interconnect tailored to a particular application domain, satisfying the application performance constraints with minimum power-area overhead is a major challenge. With technology scaling, as the geometries of on-chip devices reach the physical limits of operation, another important design challenge for NoCs will be to provide dynamic (run-time) support against permanent and intermittent faults that can occur in the system. The purpose of Designing Reliable and Efficient Networks on Chips is to provide state-of-the-art methods to solve some of the most important and time-intensive problems encountered during NoC design.

Intelligent technical systems are networked, embedded systems incorporating real-time capacities that are able to interact with and adapt to their environments. These systems need innovative approaches in order to meet requirements like cost, size, power and memory consumption, as well as real-time compliance and security.Intelligent Technical Systems covers different levels like multimedia systems, embedded programming, middleware platforms, sensor networks and autonomous systems and applications for intelligent engineering.Each level is discussed by a set of original articles summarizing the state of the art and presenting a concrete application; they include a deep discussion of their model and explain all design decisions relevant to obtain a mature solution.

Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting Networks approachs the existing framework for digital terrrestrial broadcasting, particularly the results of the Regional Radiocommunication Conference held in 2006. That conference established a new frequency plan for Europe, Africa and parts of Asia for digital terrestrial broadcasting. The book introduces the currently existing terrestrial broadcasting systems as well as the regulatory framework by which they can begin operating. Most importantly the book explains details of the GE06 Agreement, particularly Articles 4 and 5. It also discusses the frequency plan itself and the constraints it has been derived under. The book addresses the implementation of the GE06 Plan, which leads directly to all issues related to network planning and optimization of networks. Finally, the future development of the Plan and the digital dividend is addressed. This covers issues like sharing the UHF spectrum with mobile communication services and also touches upon the World Radio Conference 07 to be held in the fall in Geneva.

The development of computer and telecommunication technologies led to a revolutioninthewaythatpeopleworkandcommunicatewitheachother.One of the results is that large amount of information will increasingly be held in a form that is natural for users, as speech in natural language. In the presented work, we investigate the speech signal capture problem, which includes the separation of multiple interfering speakers using microphone arrays. Adaptive beamforming is a classical approach which has been developed since the seventies. However it requires a double-talk detector (DTD) that interrupts the adaptation when the target is active, since otherwise target cancelation occurs. The fact that several speakers may be active simulta- ouslymakesthisdetectiondi?cult,andifadditionalbackgroundnoiseoccurs, even less reliable. Our proposed approaches address this separation problem using continuous, uninterrupted adaptive algorithms. The advantage seems twofold:Firstly,thealgorithmdevelopmentismuchsimplersincenodetection mechanism needs to be designed and no threshold is to be tuned. Secondly, the performance may be improved due to the adaptation during periods of double-talk. In the ?rst part of the book, we investigate a modi?cation of the widely usedNLMSalgorithm,termedImplicitLMS(ILMS),whichimplicitlyincludes an adaptation control and does not require any threshold. Experimental ev- uations reveal that ILMS mitigates the target signal cancelation substantially with the distributed microphone array. However, in the more di?cult case of the compact microphone array, this algorithm does not su?ciently reduce the target signal cancelation. In this case, more sophisticated blind source se- ration techniques (BSS) seem necessary.

Bandwidth Extension of Speech Signals describes the theory and methods for quality enhancement of clean speech signals and distorted speech signals such as those that have undergone a band limitation, for instance, in a telephone network. Problems and the respective solutions are discussed for the different approaches. The different approaches are evaluated and a real-time implementation of the most promising approach is presented. The book includes topics related to speech coding, pattern- / speech recognition, speech enhancement, statistics and digital signal processing in general.