Mathematical Physics and Applied Mathematics – serie

The majority of the "memorable" results of relativistic quantum theory were obtained within the framework of the local quantum field approach. The explanation of the basic principles of the local theory and its mathematical structure has left its mark on all modern activity in this area. Originally, the axiomatic approach arose from attempts to give a mathematical meaning to the quantum field theory of strong interactions (of Yukawa type). The fields in such a theory are realized by operators in Hilbert space with a positive Poincare-invariant scalar product. This "classical" part of the axiomatic approach attained its modern form as far back as the sixties. * It has retained its importance even to this day, in spite of the fact that nowadays the main prospects for the description of the electro-weak and strong interactions are in connection with the theory of gauge fields. In fact, from the point of view of the quark model, the theory of strong interactions of Wightman type was obtained by restricting attention to just the "physical" local operators (such as hadronic fields consisting of ''fundamental'' quark fields) acting in a Hilbert space of physical states. In principle, there are enough such "physical" fields for a description of hadronic physics, although this means that one must reject the traditional local Lagrangian formalism. (The connection is restored in the approximation of low-energy "phe­ nomenological" Lagrangians.

The last decade witnessed an increasing interest of mathematicians in prob­ lems originated in mathematical physics. As a result of this effort, the scope of traditional mathematical physics changed considerably. New problems es­ pecially those connected with quantum physics make use of new ideas and methods. Together with classical and functional analysis, methods from dif­ ferential geometry and Lie algebras, the theory of group representation, and even topology and algebraic geometry became efficient tools of mathematical physics. On the other hand, the problems tackled in mathematical physics helped to formulate new, purely mathematical, theorems. This important development must obviously influence the contemporary mathematical literature, especially the review articles and monographs. A considerable number of books and articles appeared, reflecting to some extend this trend. In our view, however, an adequate language and appropriate methodology has not been developed yet. Nowadays, the current literature includes either mathematical monographs occasionally using physical terms, or books on theoretical physics focused on the mathematical apparatus. We hold the opinion that the traditional mathematical language of lem­ mas and theorems is not appropriate for the contemporary writing on mathe­ matical physics. In such literature, in contrast to the standard approaches of theoretical physics, the mathematical ideology must be utmost emphasized and the reference to physical ideas must be supported by appropriate mathe­ matical statements. Of special importance are the results and methods that have been developed in this way for the first time.

The Russian edition of this book appeared 5 years ago. Since that time, many results have been improved upon and new approaches to the problems investigated in the book have appeared. But the greatest surprise for us was to discover that there exists a large group of mathematicians working in the area of the so-called White Noise Analysis which is closely connected with the essential part of our book, namely, with the theory of generalized functions of infinitely many variables. The first papers dealing with White Noise Analysis were written by T. Hida in Japan in 1975. Later, this analysis was devel­ oped intensively in Japan, Germany, U.S.A., Taipei, and in other places. The related problems of infinite-dimensional analysis have been studied in Kiev since 1967, and the theory of generalized functions of infinitely many variables has been in­ vestigated since 1973. However, due to the political system in the U.S.S.R., contact be­ tween Ukrainian and foreign mathematicians was impossible for a long period of time. This is why, to our great regret, only at the end of 1988 did one of the authors meet L. Streit who told him about the existence of White Noise Analysis. And it become clear that many results in these two theories coincide and that, in fact, there exists a single theory and not two distinct ones.

This volume is concerned with a detailed description of the canonical operator method - one of the asymptotic methods of linear mathematical physics. The book is, in fact, an extension and continuation of the authors' works [59], [60], [65]. The basic ideas are summarized in the Introduction. The book consists of two parts. In the first, the theory of the canonical operator is develop­ ed, whereas, in the second, many applications of the canonical operator method to concrete problems of mathematical physics are presented. The authors are pleased to express their deep gratitude to S. M. Tsidilin for his valuable comments. THE AUTHORS IX INTRODUCTION 1. Various problems of mathematical and theoretical physics involve partial differential equations with a small parameter at the highest derivative terms. For constructing approximate solutions of these equations, asymptotic methods have long been used. In recent decades there has been a renaissance period of the asymptotic methods of linear mathematical physics. The range of their applicability has expanded: the asymptotic methods have been not only continuously used in traditional branches of mathematical physics but also have had an essential impact on the development of the general theory of partial differential equations. It appeared recently that there is a unified approach to a number of problems which, at first sight, looked rather unrelated.

Functional integration is one of the most powerful methods of contempo­ rary theoretical physics, enabling us to simplify, accelerate, and make clearer the process of the theoretician's analytical work. Interest in this method and the endeavour to master it creatively grows incessantly. This book presents a study of the application of functional integration methods to a wide range of contemporary theoretical physics problems. The concept of a functional integral is introduced as a method of quantizing finite-dimensional mechanical systems, as an alternative to ordinary quantum mechanics. The problems of systems quantization with constraints and the manifolds quantization are presented here for the first time in a monograph. The application of the functional integration methods to systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom allows one to uniquely introduce and formulate the diagram perturbation theory in quantum field theory and statistical physics. This approach is significantly simpler than the widely accepted method using an operator approach.

Proceedings of the International Symposium organized by the Mathematical Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, The Institute for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, 25-30 March 1974

On the occasion of the sixtieth birthday of Andre Lichnerowicz a number of his friends, many of whom have been his students or coworkers, decided to celebrate this event by preparing a jubilee volume of contributed articles in the two main fields of research marked by Lichnerowicz's work, namely differential geometry and mathematical physics. Limitations of space and time did not enable us to include papers from all Lichnerowicz's friends nor from all his former students. It was equally impossible to reflect in a single book the great variety of subjects tackled by Lichnerowicz. In spite of these limitations, we hope that this book reflects some of the present trends of fields in which he worked, and some of the subjects to which he contributed in his long - and not yet finished - career. This career was very much marked by the influence of his masters, Elie Cartan who introduced him to research in mathematics, mainly in geometry and its relations with mathematical physics, and Georges Darmois who developed his interest for mechanics and physics, especially the theory of relativity and electromagnetism. This par­ ticular combination, and his personal talent, made of him a natural scientific heir and continuator of the French mathematical physics school in the tradition of Henri Poincare. Some of his works would even be best qualified by a new field name, that of physical ma­ thematics: branches of pure mathematics entirely motivated by physics.

Very few people have contributed as much to twentieth-century physics as Julian Schwinger. It is therefore appropriate to offer a retrospective of his work on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday (February 12, 1978). We hope, in offering this selection of his papers, to bring to light ideas and results that may have been partly overlooked at the time of the original publication. Schwinger has published prodigiously on a great variety of subjects, as is evident from the comprehensive list of publications arranged in chronological order which appears on p. xiii. Needless to say, only a small subset could be included in the present modest volume. In the selection, great weight was assigned to papers that seem to be less widely known or appreciated than they deserve. Many important papers are therefore omitted. (Examples: Paper [64] 'On Gauge Invariance and Vacuum Polarization' and Paper [69] 'On Angular Momentum', both of which have been reprinted elsewhere. ) The collection is a personal one, having been chosen by Schwinger himself, and is therefore of particular interest. It would probably not be interesting to offer an analysis, by the editors, of Schwinger's contributions to physics. However, we are very pleased to be able to include Schwinger's own informal and very personal comments about each article that appears in this volume. These comments indicate his reasons for choosing these particular articles and, in many cases, provide a capsule synopsis of what he considers most valuable.

This book presents the text of the lectures which were given at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Representations of Lie groups and Harmonic Analysis which was held in Liege from September 5 to September 17, 1977. The general aim of this Summer School was to give a coordinated intro­ duction to the theory of representations of semisimple Lie groups and to non-commutative harmonic analysis on these groups, together with some glance at physical applications and at the related subject of random walks. As will appear to the reader, the order of the papers - which follows relatively closely the order of the lectures which were actually give- follows a logical pattern. The two first papers are introductory: the one by R. Blattner describes in a very progressive way a path going from standard Fourier analysis on IR" to non-commutative harmonic analysis on a locally compact group; the paper by J. Wolf describes the structure of semisimple Lie groups, the finite-dimensional representations of these groups and introduces basic facts about infinite-dimensional unitary representations. Two of the editors want to thank particularly these two lecturers who were very careful to pave the way for the later lectures. Both these chapters give also very useful guidelines to the relevant literature.

It is with great emotion that we present here this volume dedicated to the memory of Bernard Jouvet, Docteur es Sciences, Directeur des Recher- ches at the Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique. The life and the career as a physicist of Professor Jouvet are evoked in the following pages by Professor F. Cerulus, a friend of long standing of Professor Jouvet. The contributions have been written by physicists who were friends, collaborators or former students of Professor Jouvet. I express here my gratitude for their contributions. I wish also to thank Mrs. France Jouvet for her kind help in the realiza- tion of this book. Without her support this would have been impossible. I am also especially indebted to Professor M. Flato for his constant encouragement and kind cooperation, and to F. Langouche and D. Roekaerts for their generous help in the preparation of this volume. E. TIRAPEGUI TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD VII BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH XI XIX LIST OF SELECTED SCIENTIFIC PUBLICA TIONS PART ONE: FIELD THEORY AND QUANTIZATION C. BECCHI, A. ROUET and R. sToRA/Renormalizable Theories with Symmetry Breaking 3 J. CALMET and A.VISCONTI/Computing Methods in Quantum Electrodynamics 33 GERARD CLEMENT/Classical Mechanics of Autocomposite Particles 59 s. DEsER/Exclusion of Static Solutions in Gravity-Matter Coupling 77 D. ARNAL, J. C. COR TET, M. FLATO and D. STERNHEIMER/ Star-Products: Quantization and Representations without Operators 85 R. GASTMANs/High Energy Tests of Quantum Electrodynamics 113 L. GOMBEROFF and E. K.

This volume is concerned with a detailed description of the canonical operator method - one of the asymptotic methods of linear mathematical physics. The book is, in fact, an extension and continuation of the authors' works [59], [60], [65]. The basic ideas are summarized in the Introduction. The book consists of two parts. In the first, the theory of the canonical operator is develop­ ed, whereas, in the second, many applications of the canonical operator method to concrete problems of mathematical physics are presented. The authors are pleased to express their deep gratitude to S. M. Tsidilin for his valuable comments. THE AUTHORS IX INTRODUCTION 1. Various problems of mathematical and theoretical physics involve partial differential equations with a small parameter at the highest derivative terms. For constructing approximate solutions of these equations, asymptotic methods have long been used. In recent decades there has been a renaissance period of the asymptotic methods of linear mathematical physics. The range of their applicability has expanded: the asymptotic methods have been not only continuously used in traditional branches of mathematical physics but also have had an essential impact on the development of the general theory of partial differential equations. It appeared recently that there is a unified approach to a number of problems which, at first sight, looked rather unrelated.

Functional integration is one of the most powerful methods of contempo­ rary theoretical physics, enabling us to simplify, accelerate, and make clearer the process of the theoretician's analytical work. Interest in this method and the endeavour to master it creatively grows incessantly. This book presents a study of the application of functional integration methods to a wide range of contemporary theoretical physics problems. The concept of a functional integral is introduced as a method of quantizing finite-dimensional mechanical systems, as an alternative to ordinary quantum mechanics. The problems of systems quantization with constraints and the manifolds quantization are presented here for the first time in a monograph. The application of the functional integration methods to systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom allows one to uniquely introduce and formulate the diagram perturbation theory in quantum field theory and statistical physics. This approach is significantly simpler than the widely accepted method using an operator approach.

TO SUPERANAL YSIS Edited by A. A. KIRILLOV Translated from the Russian by J. Niederle and R. Kotecky English translation edited and revised by Dimitri Leites SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B. V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Berezin, F. A. (Feliks Aleksandrovich) Introduction to superanalysis. (Mathematical physics and applied mathematics; v. 9) Part I is translation of: Vvedenie v algebru i analiz s antikommutirurushchimi peremennymi. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Mathetical analysis. I. Title. II. Title: Superanalysis. III. Series. QA300. B459 1987 530. 15'5 87-16293 ISBN 978-90-481-8392-0 ISBN 978-94-017-1963-6 (eBook) DOI 10. 1007/978-94-017-1963-6 All Rights Reserved (c) 1987 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland in 1987 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced in whole or in part or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or storing in any electronic information system without first obtaining the written permission of the copyright owner.CONTENTS EDITOR'S FOREWORD ix INTRODUCTION 1 1. The Sources 1 2. Supermanifolds 3 3. Additional Structures on Supermanifolds 11 4. Representations of Lie Superalgebras and Supergroups 21 5. Conclusion 23 References 24 PART I CHAPTER 1. GRASSMANN ALGEBRA 29 1. Basic Facts on Associative Algebras 29 2. Grassmann Algebras 35 3. Algebras A(U) 55 CHAPTER 2. SUPERANAL YSIS 74 1. Derivatives 74 2. Integral 76 CHAPTER 3. LINEAR ALGEBRA IN Zz-GRADED SPACES 90 1.

The last decade witnessed an increasing interest of mathematicians in prob­ lems originated in mathematical physics. As a result of this effort, the scope of traditional mathematical physics changed considerably. New problems es­ pecially those connected with quantum physics make use of new ideas and methods. Together with classical and functional analysis, methods from dif­ ferential geometry and Lie algebras, the theory of group representation, and even topology and algebraic geometry became efficient tools of mathematical physics. On the other hand, the problems tackled in mathematical physics helped to formulate new, purely mathematical, theorems. This important development must obviously influence the contemporary mathematical literature, especially the review articles and monographs. A considerable number of books and articles appeared, reflecting to some extend this trend. In our view, however, an adequate language and appropriate methodology has not been developed yet. Nowadays, the current literature includes either mathematical monographs occasionally using physical terms, or books on theoretical physics focused on the mathematical apparatus. We hold the opinion that the traditional mathematical language of lem­ mas and theorems is not appropriate for the contemporary writing on mathe­ matical physics. In such literature, in contrast to the standard approaches of theoretical physics, the mathematical ideology must be utmost emphasized and the reference to physical ideas must be supported by appropriate mathe­ matical statements. Of special importance are the results and methods that have been developed in this way for the first time.

TO SUPERANAL YSIS Edited by A. A. KIRILLOV Translated from the Russian by J. Niederle and R. Kotecky English translation edited and revised by Dimitri Leites SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B. V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Berezin, F. A. (Feliks Aleksandrovich) Introduction to superanalysis. (Mathematical physics and applied mathematics; v. 9) Part I is translation of: Vvedenie v algebru i analiz s antikommutirurushchimi peremennymi. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Mathetical analysis. I. Title. II. Title: Superanalysis. III. Series. QA300. B459 1987 530. 15'5 87-16293 ISBN 978-90-481-8392-0 ISBN 978-94-017-1963-6 (eBook) DOI 10. 1007/978-94-017-1963-6 All Rights Reserved (c) 1987 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland in 1987 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced in whole or in part or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or storing in any electronic information system without first obtaining the written permission of the copyright owner.CONTENTS EDITOR'S FOREWORD ix INTRODUCTION 1 1. The Sources 1 2. Supermanifolds 3 3. Additional Structures on Supermanifolds 11 4. Representations of Lie Superalgebras and Supergroups 21 5. Conclusion 23 References 24 PART I CHAPTER 1. GRASSMANN ALGEBRA 29 1. Basic Facts on Associative Algebras 29 2. Grassmann Algebras 35 3. Algebras A(U) 55 CHAPTER 2. SUPERANAL YSIS 74 1. Derivatives 74 2. Integral 76 CHAPTER 3. LINEAR ALGEBRA IN Zz-GRADED SPACES 90 1.

It is with great emotion that we present here this volume dedicated to the memory of Bernard Jouvet, Docteur es Sciences, Directeur des Recher- ches at the Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique. The life and the career as a physicist of Professor Jouvet are evoked in the following pages by Professor F. Cerulus, a friend of long standing of Professor Jouvet. The contributions have been written by physicists who were friends, collaborators or former students of Professor Jouvet. I express here my gratitude for their contributions. I wish also to thank Mrs. France Jouvet for her kind help in the realiza- tion of this book. Without her support this would have been impossible. I am also especially indebted to Professor M. Flato for his constant encouragement and kind cooperation, and to F. Langouche and D. Roekaerts for their generous help in the preparation of this volume. E. TIRAPEGUI TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD VII BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH XI XIX LIST OF SELECTED SCIENTIFIC PUBLICA TIONS PART ONE: FIELD THEORY AND QUANTIZATION C. BECCHI, A. ROUET and R. sToRA/Renormalizable Theories with Symmetry Breaking 3 J. CALMET and A.VISCONTI/Computing Methods in Quantum Electrodynamics 33 GERARD CLEMENT/Classical Mechanics of Autocomposite Particles 59 s. DEsER/Exclusion of Static Solutions in Gravity-Matter Coupling 77 D. ARNAL, J. C. COR TET, M. FLATO and D. STERNHEIMER/ Star-Products: Quantization and Representations without Operators 85 R. GASTMANs/High Energy Tests of Quantum Electrodynamics 113 L. GOMBEROFF and E. K.

Two important events in the history of physical sciences occurred re­ cently: the fiftieth anniversary of Quantum Mechanics and the Jubilee of Louis de Broglie's celebrated Thesis. These events occurred in the same period of time when the world honored de Broglie on the occa­ sion of his eightieth birthday. Some of de Broglie's friends, former students, and some people who used to know him and appreciate his personality decided to prepare an international volume for this cele­ brated occasion. Such a task was not very easy. It is always simpler to contribute in honor of famous people whose works and impact were great on a tech­ nical and pragmatic level than to contribute in honor of a person whose achievements were not only dominant in physical sciences themselves, but also had many important implications for the development of the whole branch of philosophy of sciences. Louis de Broglie, the man to whom we owe among other things the most fundamental notion of duality between waves and particles, be­ longs in a way to the Einsteinian school of thought. He never accepted literally the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. To him it was clear that this interpretation makes quantum mechanics incomplete and highly non-deterministic. He always believed that since the duality between waves and particles was an experimental fact, there should be some manifestation of the Schrodinger wave itself in the realistic world. De Broglie had to struggle much for this idea, which he never gave up.

On the occasion of the sixtieth birthday of Andre Lichnerowicz a number of his friends, many of whom have been his students or coworkers, decided to celebrate this event by preparing a jubilee volume of contributed articles in the two main fields of research marked by Lichnerowicz's work, namely differential geometry and mathematical physics. Limitations of space and time did not enable us to include papers from all Lichnerowicz's friends nor from all his former students. It was equally impossible to reflect in a single book the great variety of subjects tackled by Lichnerowicz. In spite of these limitations, we hope that this book reflects some of the present trends of fields in which he worked, and some of the subjects to which he contributed in his long - and not yet finished - career. This career was very much marked by the influence of his masters, Elie Cartan who introduced him to research in mathematics, mainly in geometry and its relations with mathematical physics, and Georges Darmois who developed his interest for mechanics and physics, especially the theory of relativity and electromagnetism. This par­ ticular combination, and his personal talent, made of him a natural scientific heir and continuator of the French mathematical physics school in the tradition of Henri Poincare. Some of his works would even be best qualified by a new field name, that of physical ma­ thematics: branches of pure mathematics entirely motivated by physics.

The Russian edition of this book appeared 5 years ago. Since that time, many results have been improved upon and new approaches to the problems investigated in the book have appeared. But the greatest surprise for us was to discover that there exists a large group of mathematicians working in the area of the so-called White Noise Analysis which is closely connected with the essential part of our book, namely, with the theory of generalized functions of infinitely many variables. The first papers dealing with White Noise Analysis were written by T. Hida in Japan in 1975. Later, this analysis was devel­ oped intensively in Japan, Germany, U.S.A., Taipei, and in other places. The related problems of infinite-dimensional analysis have been studied in Kiev since 1967, and the theory of generalized functions of infinitely many variables has been in­ vestigated since 1973. However, due to the political system in the U.S.S.R., contact be­ tween Ukrainian and foreign mathematicians was impossible for a long period of time. This is why, to our great regret, only at the end of 1988 did one of the authors meet L. Streit who told him about the existence of White Noise Analysis. And it become clear that many results in these two theories coincide and that, in fact, there exists a single theory and not two distinct ones.