Mathematical Surveys and Monographs – serie

This book presents multiprecision algorithms used in number theory and elsewhere, such as extrapolation, numerical integration, numerical summation (including multiple zeta values and the Riemann-Siegel formula), evaluation and speed of convergence of continued fractions, Euler products and Euler sums, inverse Mellin transforms, and complex $L$-functions. For each task, many algorithms are presented, such as Gaussian and doubly-exponential integration, Euler-MacLaurin, Abel-Plana, Lagrange, and Monien summation. Each algorithm is given in detail, together with a complete implementation in the free Pari/GP system. These implementations serve both to make even more precise the inner workings of the algorithms, and to gently introduce advanced features of the Pari/GP language. This book will be appreciated by anyone interested in number theory, specifically in practical implementations, computer experiments and numerical algorithms that can be scaled to produce thousands of digits of accuracy.

This book, along with volume I, which appeared previously, presents a survey of the structure and representation theory of semi groups. Volume II goes more deeply than was possible in volume I into the theories of minimal ideals in a semi group, inverse semi groups, simple semi groups, congruences on a semi group, and the embedding of a semi group in a group. Among the more important recent developments of which an extended treatment is presented are B. M. Sain's theory of the representations of an arbitrary semi group by partial one-to-one transformations of a set, L. Redei's theory of finitely generated commutative semi groups, J. M. Howie's theory of amalgamated free products of semi groups, and E. J. Tully's theory of representations of a semi group by transformations of a set. Also a full account is given of Malcev's theory of the congruences on a full transformation semi group.

The main subject of this book is applications of methods of scattering theory to differential operators, primarily the Schrodinger operator. There are two different trends in scattering theory for differential operators. The first one relies on the abstract scattering theory. The second one is almost independent of it. In this approach the abstract theory is replaced by a concrete investigation of the corresponding differential equation. In this book both of these trends are presented. The first half of this book begins with the summary of the main results of the general scattering theory of the previous book by the author, ""Mathematical Scattering Theory: General Theory"", American Mathematical Society, 1992. The next three chapters illustrate basic theorems of abstract scattering theory, presenting, in particular their applications to scattering theory of perturbations of differential operators with constant coefficients and to the analysis of the trace class method. In the second half of the book direct methods of scattering theory for differential operators are presented. After considering the one-dimensional case, the author returns to the multi-dimensional problem and discusses various analytical methods and tools appropriate for the analysis of differential operators, including, among others, high- and low-energy asymptotics of the Green function, the scattering matrix, ray and eikonal explansions. The book is based on graduate courses taught by the author at Saint-Petersburg (Russia) and Rennes (France) Universities and is oriented towards a reader interested in studying deep aspects of scattering theory (for example, a graduate student in mathematical physics).

The primary objective of this book is to give a comprehensive exposition of results surrounding the work of the authors concerning boundary regularity of weak solutions of second-order elliptic quasilinear equations in divergence form. The structure of these equations allows coefficients in certain $L^{p}$ spaces, and thus it is known from classical results that weak solutions are locally Holder continuous in the interior. Here it is shown that weak solutions are continuous at the boundary if and only if a Wiener-type condition is satisfied. This condition reduces to the celebrated Wiener criterion in the case of harmonic functions. The work that accompanies this analysis includes the 'fine' analysis of Sobolev spaces and a development of the associated nonlinear potential theory.The term 'fine' refers to a topology of $\mathbf R^{n}$ which is induced by the Wiener condition. The book also contains a complete development of regularity of solutions of variational inequalities, including the double obstacle problem, where the obstacles are allowed to be discontinuous. The regularity of the solution is given in terms involving the Wiener-type condition and the fine topology. The case of differential operators with a differentiable structure and $\mathcal C^{1,\alpha}$ obstacles is also developed. The book concludes with a chapter devoted to the existence theory, thus providing the reader with a complete treatment of the subject ranging from regularity of weak solutions to the existence of weak solutions.

The book is devoted to the study of algebras of functions on quantum groups. The authors' approach to the subject is based on the parallels with symplectic geometry, allowing the reader to use geometric intuition in the theory of quantum groups. The book includes the theory of Poisson Lie groups (quasi-classical version of algebras of functions on quantum groups), a description of representations of algebras of functions, and the theory of quantum Weyl groups. This book can serve as a text for an introduction to the theory of quantum groups.

This book explores the surprisingly rich and complex structure of free lattices. The first part of the book presents a complete exposition of the basic theory of free lattices, projective lattices, and lattices which are bounded homomorphic images of a free lattice, as well as applications of these results to other areas. This portion of the book is suitable for use in a graduate course in lattice theory or general algebra. The second part of the book contains new results about free lattices and new proofs of known results, providing the reader with a coherent picture of the fine structure of free lattices.The book closes with an analysis of algorithms for free lattices and finite lattices that is accessible to researchers in other areas and depends only on the first chapter and a small part of the second. Several open problems appear throughout the book and, for easy reference, are assembled in a section at the end. Synthesizing seventy years of research, this is the only comprehensive treatment available of the theory of free lattices.

The Classification Theorem is one of the main achievements of 20th century mathematics, but its proof has not yet been completely extricated from the journal literature in which it first appeared. This is the second volume in a series devoted to the presentation of a reorganized and simplified proof of the classification of the finite simple groups. The authors present (with either proof or reference to a proof) those theorems of abstract finite group theory, which are fundamental to the analysis in later volumes in the series.This volume provides a relatively concise and readable access to the key ideas and theorems underlying the study of finite simple groups and their important subgroups. The sections on semisimple subgroups and subgroups of parabolic type give detailed treatments of these important subgroups, including some results not available until now or available only in journal literature. The signalizer section provides an extensive development of both the Bender Method and the Signalizer Functor Method, which play a central role in the proof of the Classification Theorem. This book would be a valuable companion text for a graduate group theory course.

This book offers a single source of basic facts about the structure of the finite simple groups with emphasis on a detailed description of their local subgroup structures, coverings and automorphisms. The method is by examination of the specific groups, rather than by the development of an abstract theory of simple groups. While the purpose of the book is to provide the background for the proof of the classification of the finite simple groups - dictating the choice of topics - the subject matter is covered in such depth and detail that the book should be of interest to anyone seeking information about the structure of the finite simple groups.This volume offers a wealth of basic facts and computations. Much of the material is not readily available from any other source. In particular, the book contains the statements and proofs of the fundamental Borel-Tits Theorem and Curtis-Tits Theorem. It also contains complete information about the centralizers of semisimple involutions in groups of Lie type, as well as many other local subgroups.

This book studies representable functors among well-known varieties of algebras. All such functors from associative rings over a fixed ring $R$ to each of the categories of abelian groups, associative rings, Lie rings, and to several others are determined. Results are also obtained on representable functors on varieties of groups, semigroups, commutative rings, and Lie algebras. The book includes a 'Symbol index', which serves as a glossary of symbols used and a list of the pages where the topics so symbolized are treated, and a 'Word and phrase index'. The authors have strived - and succeeded - in creating a volume that is very user-friendly.

This book studies nonlocal bifurcations that occur on the boundary of the domain of Morse-Smale systems in the space of all dynamical systems. These bifurcations provide a series of fascinating new scenarios for the transition from simple dynamical systems to complicated ones. The main effects are the generation of hyperbolic periodic orbits, nontrivial hyperbolic invariant sets and the elements of hyperbolic theory. All results are rigorously proved and explained in a uniform way. The foundations of normal forms and hyperbolic theories are presented from the very first stages. The proofs are preceded by heuristic descriptions of the ideas. The book contains new results, and many results have not previously appeared in monograph form.

This book is an exposition of what is currently known about the fundamental groups of compact Kahler manifolds. This class of groups contains all finite groups and is strictly smaller than the class of all finitely presentable groups. For the first time ever, this book collects together all the results obtained in the last few years which aim to characterise those infinite groups which can arise as fundamental groups of compact Kahler manifolds. Most of these results are negative ones, saying which groups do not arise. They are proved using Hodge theory and its combinations with rational homotopy theory, with $L^2$-cohomology, with the theory of harmonic maps, and with gauge theory.There are a number of positive results as well, exhibiting interesting groups as fundamental groups of Kahler manifolds, in fact, of smooth complex projective varieties. The methods and techniques used form an attractive mix of topology, differential and algebraic geometry, and complex analysis. The book would be useful to researchers and graduate students interested in any of these areas, and it could be used as a textbook for an advanced graduate course. One of its outstanding features is a large number of concrete examples. The book contains a number of new results and examples which have not appeared elsewhere, as well as discussions of some important open questions in the field.

The study of epidemic models is one of the central topics of mathematical biology. This volume is the first to present in monograph form the rigorous mathematical theory developed to analyze the asymptotic behavior of certain types of epidemic models. The main model discussed is the so-called spatial deterministic epidemic in which infected individuals are not allowed to again become susceptible, and infection is spread by means of contact distributions. Results concern the existence of traveling wave solutions, the asymptotic speed of propagation, and the spatial final size. A central result for radially symmetric contact distributions is that the speed of propagation is the minimum wave speed.Further results are obtained using a saddle point method, suggesting that this result also holds for more general situations. Methodology, used to extend the analysis from one-type to multi-type models, is likely to prove useful when analyzing other multi-type systems in mathematical biology. This methodology is applied to two other areas in the monograph, namely epidemics with return to the susceptible state and contact branching processes. This book presents an elegant theory that has been developed over the past quarter century. It will be useful to researchers and graduate students working in mathematical biology.

With over 60 figures, tables, and diagrams, this text is both an intuitive introduction to and a rigorous study of finite symmetric inverse semigroups. The model, denoted $C_n$, consists of all charts (one-one partial transformations) of the set ${1,\dots,n}$ under the usual composition of mappings. It has the symmetric groups $S_n$ as a subgroup, and many classical features of $S_n$ are extended to $C_n$. It turns out that these semigroups enjoy many of the classical features of finite symmetric groups. For example, cycle notation, conjugacy, commutativity, parity of permutations, alternating subgroups, Klein 4-group, Ruffini's result on cyclic groups, Moore's presentations of the symmetric and alternating groups, and the centralizer theory of symmetric groups are extended to more general counterparts in $C_n$.Lipscomb classifies normal subsemigroups and also illustrates and applies an Eilenberg-style wreath product. The basic $C_n$ theory is further extended to partial transformation semigroups, and the Reconstruction Conjecture of graph theory is recast as a Rees' ideal-extension conjecture. This book presents much of the material on the theory of finite symmetric inverse semigroups, unifying the classical finite symmetric group theory with its semigroup analogue. A comment section at the end of each chapter provides historical perspective. New proofs, new theorems and the use of multiple figures, tables, and diagrams to present complex ideas make this book current and highly readable.

The classification of the finite simple groups is one of the major feats of contemporary mathematical research, but its proof has never been completely extricated from the journal literature in which it first appeared. This book serves as an introduction to a series devoted to organizing and simplifying the proof. The purpose of the series is to present as direct and coherent a proof as is possible with existing techniques. This first volume, which sets up the structure for the entire series, begins with largely informal discussions of the relationship between the Classification Theorem and the general structure of finite groups, as well as the general strategy to be followed in the series and a comparison with the original proof. Also listed are background results from the literature that will be used in subsequent volumes. Next, the authors formally present the structure of the proof and the plan for the series of volumes in the form of two grids, giving the main case division of the proof as well as the principal milestones in the analysis of each case. Thumbnail sketches are given of the ten or so principal methods underlying the proof. Much of the book is written in an expository style accessible to nonspecialists.

The subject of amenability has its roots in the work of Lebesgue at the turn of the century. In the 1940s, the subject began to shift from finitely additive measures to means. This shift is of fundamental importance, for it makes the substantial resources of functional analysis and abstract harmonic analysis available to the study of amenability. The ubiquity of amenability ideas and the depth of the mathematics involved points to the fundamental importance of the subject. This book presents a comprehensive and coherent account of amenability as it has been developed in the large and varied literature during this century. The book has a broad appeal, for it presents an account of the subject based on harmonic and functional analysis. In addition, the analytic techniques should be of considerable interest to analysts in all areas.In addition, the book contains applications of amenability to a number of areas: combinatorial group theory, semigroup theory, statistics, differential geometry, Lie groups, ergodic theory, cohomology, and operator algebras. The main objectives of the book are to provide an introduction to the subject as a whole and to go into many of its topics in some depth. The book begins with an informal, nontechnical account of amenability from its origins in the work of Lebesgue.The initial chapters establish the basic theory of amenability and provide a detailed treatment of invariant, finitely additive measures (i.e., invariant means) on locally compact groups. The author then discusses amenability for Lie groups, 'almost invariant' properties of certain subsets of an amenable group, amenability and ergodic theorems, polynomial growth, and invariant mean cardinalities. Also included are detailed discussions of the two most important achievements in amenability in the 1980s: the solutions to von Neumann's conjecture and the Banach-Ruziewicz Problem. The main prerequisites for this book are a sound understanding of undergraduate-level mathematics and a knowledge of abstract harmonic analysis and functional analysis. The book is suitable for use in graduate courses, and the lists of problems in each chapter may be useful as student exercises.

In the classical theory of self-adjoint boundary value problems for linear ordinary differential operators there is a fundamental, but rather mysterious, interplay between the symmetric (conjugate) bilinear scalar product of the basic Hilbert space and the skew-symmetric boundary form of the associated differential expression. This book presents a new conceptual framework, leading to an effective structured method, for analyzing and classifying all such self-adjoint boundary conditions. The program is carried out by introducing innovative new mathematical structures which relate the Hilbert space to a complex symplectic space.This work offers the first systematic detailed treatment in the literature of these two topics: complex symplectic spaces - their geometry and linear algebra - and quasi-differential operators. This title features: authoritative and systematic exposition of the classical theory for self-adjoint linear ordinary differential operators (including a review of all relevant topics in texts of Naimark, and Dunford and Schwartz); introduction and development of new methods of complex symplectic linear algebra and geometry and of quasi-differential operators, offering the only extensive treatment of these topics in book form; new conceptual and structured methods for self-adjoint boundary value problems; and, extensive and exhaustive tabulations of all existing kinds of self-adjoint boundary conditions for regular and for singular ordinary quasi-differential operators of all orders up through six.

This book adds to the great body of research that extends back to A. Weil and E. P. Wigner on the unitary representations of locally compact groups and their characters, i.e. the interplay between classical group theory and modern analysis. The groups studied here are the connected Lie groups of general type (not necessarily nilpotent or semisimple). Final results reflect Kirillov's orbit method; in the case of groups that may be non-algebraic or non-type I, the method requires considerable sophistication. Methods used range from deep functional analysis (the theory of $C^*$-algebras, factors from F. J. Murray and J. von Neumann, and measure theory) to differential geometry (Lie groups and Hamiltonian actions). This book presents for the first time a systematic and concise compilation of proofs previously dispersed throughout the literature. The result is an impressive example of the deepness of Pukanszky's work.

After three introductory volumes on the classification of the finite simple groups, (""Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, Volumes 40.1, 40.2, and 40.3""), the authors now start the proof of the classification theorem: They begin the analysis of a minimal counterexample $G$ to the theorem. Two fundamental and powerful theorems in finite group theory are examined: the Bender-Suzuki theorem on strongly embedded subgroups (for which the non-character-theoretic part of the proof is provided) and Aschbacher's Component theorem.Included are new generalizations of Aschbacher's theorem which treat components of centralizers of involutions and $p$-components of centralizers of elements of order $p$ for arbitrary primes $p$. This book, with background from sections of the previous volumes, presents in an approachable manner critical aspects of the classification of finite simple groups. Features: Treatment of two fundamental and powerful theorems in finite group theory. Proofs that are accessible and largely self-contained. New results generalizing Aschbacher's Component theorem and related component uniqueness theorems.

This book develops a theory that can be viewed as a noncommutative counterpart of the following topics: dynamical systems in general and integrable systems in particular; Hamiltonian formalism; variational calculus, both in continuous space and discrete. The text is self-contained and includes a large number of exercises. Many different specific models are analyzed extensively and motivations for the new notions are provided in this book.

The book is mainly concerned with the theory of rings in which both maximal and minimal conditions hold for ideals (except in the last chapter, where rings of the type of a maximal order in an algebra are considered). The central idea consists of representing rings as rings of endomorphisms of an additive group, which can be achieved by means of the regular representation.

During the years since the first edition of this well-known monograph appeared, the subject (the geometry of the zeros of a complex polynomial) has continued to display the same outstanding vitality as it did in the first 150 years of its history, beginning with the contributions of Cauchy and Gauss. Thus, the number of entries in the bibliography of this edition had to be increased from about 300 to about 600 and the book enlarged by one third. It now includes a more extensive treatment of Hurwitz polynomials and other topics. The new material on infrapolynomials, abstract polynomials, and matrix methods is of particular interest.

This classical book, written by a famous French mathematician in the early 1950s, presents an approach to algebraic geometry of curves treated as the theory of algebraic functions on the curve. Among other advantages of such an approach, it allowed the author to consider curves over an arbitrary ground field. Among topics discussed in the book are the theory of divisors on a curve, the Riemann-Roch theorem, $p$-adic completion, extensions of the fields of functions (covering theory) and of the fields of constants, and the theory of differentials on a curve. The last chapter, which is more analytic in flavor, treats the theory of Riemann surfaces. Prerequisites for reading are minimal and include only an advanced undergraduate algebra course.

Much has been written on the theory of discontinuous groups and automorphic functions since 1880, when the subject received its first formulation. The purpose of this book is to bring together in one place both the classical and modern aspects of the theory, and to present them clearly and in a modern language and notation. The emphasis in this book is on the fundamental parts of the subject. The book is directed to three classes of readers: graduate students approaching the subject for the first time, mature mathematicians who wish to gain some knowledge and understanding of automorphic function theory, and experts.

Many approximations are linear, that is, conform to the principle of super-position, and may profitably be studied by means of the theory of linear spaces. ""Linear Approximation"" sets forth the pertinent parts of that theory, with particular attention to the key spaces $C_n, B, K$, and Hilbert space, spaces which are powerful tools in the analysis, appraisal, and design of approximations, ranging from formulas of mechanical quadrature to approximations of operators by operators. Because it affords a detailed treatment of a timely and important subject, ""Linear Approximation"" is of interest to scientists and engineers as well as to mathematicians. The book includes worked illustrative examples and discussions of the rationale of its formulation of problems.

The topological methods based on fixed-point theory and on local topological degree which have been developed by Leray, Schauder, Nirenberg, Cesari and others for the study of nonlinear differential equations are here described in detail, beginning with elementary considerations. The reader is not assumed to have any knowledge of topology beyond the theory of point sets in Euclidean n-space which ordinarily forms part of a course in advanced calculus. The methods are first developed for Euclidean n-space and applied to the study of existence and stability of periodic and almost-periodic solutions of systems of ordinary differential equations, both quasi-linear and with 'large' nonlinearities. Then, after being extended to infinite-dimensional 'function-spaces', these methods are applied to integral equations, partial differential equations and further problems concerning periodic solutions of ordinary differential equations.

Uniform spaces play the same role for uniform continuity as topological spaces for continuity. The theory was created in 1936 by A. Weil, whose original axiomatization was soon followed by those of Bourbaki and Tukey; in this book use is made chiefly of Tukey's system, based on uniform coverings. The organization of the book as a whole depends on the Eilenberg-MacLane notions of category, functor and naturality, in the spirit of Klein's Erlanger Program but with greater reach.The preface gives a concise history of the subject since 1936 and a foreword outlines the category theory of Eilenberg and MacLane. The chapters cover fundamental concepts and constructions; function spaces; mappings into polyhedra; dimension 1 and 2; compactifications and locally fine spaces. Most of the chapters are followed by exercises, occasional unsolved problems, and a major unsolved problem; the famous outstanding problem of characterizing the Euclidean plane is discussed in an appendix. There is a good index and a copious bibliography intended not to itemize sources but to guide further reading.

The five articles in this volume are expository in nature, and they all deal with various aspects of the theory of bounded linear operators on Hilbert space. The volume is very timely, because in the last year or two great progress has been made on hard problems in this field, and thus operator theory today is a very exciting part of mathematical research. One particular problem on which considerable progress has been made recently is the invariant subspace problem. This is the question whether every bounded linear operator on a separable, infinite-dimensional, complex Hilbert space $\mathcal H$ has a nontrivial invariant subspace.Even though this problem remains unresolved, there are some operators T on $\mathcal H$ for which the structure of a lattice of all invariant subspaces of T is even, and the first article in this volume, 'invariant subspaces' by Donald Sarason, is added to a discussion of such operators. One of the interesting features of this lucid presentation is the interplay between operator theory and classical analysis. The second article is entitled 'Weighted shift operators and analytic function theory' and was written by Allen Shields. He has taken essentially all of the information presently given about weighted shift operators (with scalar weights) and incorporated it into this comprehensive article.A central theme of the composition is the interaction between weighted shift operators and analytic function theory, and in an added bonus for the reader, the article contains a list of thirty-two interesting research problems. The third article in the volume is a treatise called 'A version of multiplicity theory' by Arlen Brown. The problem treated is how to decide when two normal operators are unitarily equivalent. (Unitary equivalence is the analog for operators of the concept of isomorphism for groups, rings, etc.) The unitary equivalence problem for arbitrary operators is exceedingly difficult, but the theory of spectral multiplicity, which can be approached in several different ways, furnishes a reasonable complete set of unitary invariants for normal operators.The author focuses attention on the concept of a spectral measure, and his clear presentation of this circle of ideas should lead to a better understanding of multiplicity theory by beginners and experts alike. The fourth article in this volume, 'Canonical models' by R. G. Douglas, is concerned with the theory of canonical models for operators on Hilbert space. The central underlying idea is that if T is any contraction operator on $\mathcal H$ (i.e., if the norm of T is at most 1), then there is a canonical construction that associates with T an operator $\mathrm{M}_\mathrm{T}$ that is unitarily equivalent to T, called its 'canonical model'.One can therefore study T by studying $\mathrm{M}_\mathrm{T}$ instead, and this theory has made significant progress in the past ten years. The author, who has contributed substantially to the geometrization of this theory, exposes in his article various important components of the theory, and thereby gives the reader much insight into its successes and failures. The final article in this volume, 'A survey of the Lomonosov technique in the theory of invariant subspaces' by Carl Pearcy and Allen Shields, is a survey of some new invariant-subspace theorems that resulted from the brilliant and elegant method of proof introduced by Victor Lomonosov early in 1973. Further study and refinement of this technique should lead to additional progress on the invariant subspace problem.

In this survey the authors endeavor to give a comprehensive examination of the theory of measures having values in Banach spaces. The interplay between topological and geometric properties of Banach spaces and the properties of measures having values in Banach spaces is the unifying theme. The first chapter deals with countably additive vector measures finitely additive vector measures, the Orlicz-Pettis theorem and its relatives. Chapter II concentrates on measurable vector valued functions and the Bochner integral. Chapter III begins the study of the interplay among the Radon-Nikodym theorem for vector measures, operators on $L_1$ and topological properties of Banach spaces.A variety of applications is given in the next chapter. Chapter V deals with martingales of Bochner integrable functions and their relation to dentable subsets of Banach spaces. Chapter VI is devoted to a measure-theoretic study of weakly compact absolutely summing and nuclear operators on spaces of continuous functions. In Chapter VII a detailed study of the geometry of Banach spaces with the Radon-Nikodym property is given. The next chapter deals with the use of Radon-Nikodym theorems in the study of tensor products of Banach spaces. The last chapter concludes the survey with a discussion of the Liapounoff convexity theorem and other geometric properties of the range of a vector measure. Accompanying each chapter is an extensive survey of the literature and open problems.