Oklahoma Notes – serie

This new addition to the Oklahoma Notes series is written specifically to fit with modern neuroscience courses, which integrate basic science (anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology of the nervous system) with clinical science (how diseases of the nervous system present in the clinic). Each Oklahoma Notes book presents the core information of one segment of the medical school curriculum. Written by some of the most effective medical educators in the country, and now thoroughly updated and revised, the Oklahoma Notes feature: Concise text presented in outline format for rapid review; contents oriented to promote Boards success; self-assessment questions geared to the current format of the USMLE exam; more tables and figures designed to facilitate self-assessment and review; and low-cost, complete coverage of all subjects taught in the first two years of medical school.

Since 1975, when the University of Oklahoma faculty created their review course for second-year medical students, the Oklahoma Notes have been among the most trusted and widely used reviews for the National Boards. Each Oklahoma Notes book presents the core information of one segment of the medical school curriculum. Written by some of the most effective medical educators in the country, and now thoroughly updated and revised, the Oklahoma Notes feature: Concise text presented in outline format for rapid review; contents oriented to promote Boards success; self-assessment questions geared to the current format of the USMLE exam; more tables and figures designed to facilitate self-assessment and review; and low-cost, complete coverage of all subjects taught in the first two years of medical school.

Since 1975, the Oklahoma Notes have been among the most widely used reviews for medical students preparing for Step 1 of the United States Medical Licensing Examination. Completely revised and updated, these new editions of the Notes feature: More self- assessment questions, geared to the current USMLE format; more tables and figures to promote rapid self-assessment and review; low prices; and coverage of just the information needed to ensure Boards success.

Since 1975, the Oklahoma Notes have been among the most widely used reviews for medical students preparing for Step 1 of the United States Medical Licensing Examination. Completely revised and updated, these new editions of the Notes feature: More self- assessment questions, geared to the current USMLE format; more tables and figures to promote rapid self-assessment and review; low prices; and coverage of just the information needed to ensure Boards success.

Since 1975, the Oklahoma Notes have been among the most widely used reviews for medical students preparing for Step 1 of the United States Medical Licensing Examination. OKN: Anatomy takes a unified approach to the subject, covering Embryology, Neuroanatomy, Histology, and Gross Anatomy.

This guide aims to provide techniques that aid medical students in their understanding, analysis and recollection of study material. Topics discussed include taking notes, time management, problem-solving, stress management, organization, working in study groups and preparing for exams.

Each Oklahoma Notes book presents the core information of one segment of the medical school curriculum. Written by some of the most effective medical educators in the U.S., and now thoroughly updated and revised, the Oklahoma Notes feature: Concise text presented in outline format for rapid review; contents oriented to promote success; self-assessment questions; and more tables and figures designed to facilitate self-assessment and review.

Since 1975, when the University of Oklahoma faculty created their review course for second-year medical students, the Oklahoma Notes have been among the most trusted and widely used reviews for the National Boards. Each Oklahoma Notes book presents the core information of one segment of the medical school curriculum. Written by some of the most effective medical educators in the country, and now thoroughly updated and revised, the Oklahoma Notes feature: Concise text presented in outline format for rapid review; contents oriented to promote Boards success; self-assessment questions geared to the current format of the USMLE exam; more tables and figures designed to facilitate self-assessment and review; and low-cost, complete coverage of all subjects taught in the first two years of medical school.

Updated, revised, and reorganized, the Second Editions in the Clinical Sciences reflect the format of the USMLE Step 2. Each volume systematically presents the core information of a single segment of the medical curriculum, from Family Medicine to Psychiatry. You will also learn time-honored tricks of the trade, as well as the latest advances in clinical medicine: new diagnostic tools, new therapeutic interventions, and new pharmacologic options.

Updated, revised, and reorganized, the new Second Editions of the Clinical Sciences Series reflect the format of the USMLE Step 2. Each volume systematically presents the core information of a single segment of the medical curriculum, from Family Medicine to Psychiatry. You will also learn time-honored tricks of the trade, as well as the latest advances in clinical medicine: new diagnostic tools, new therapeutic interventions, and new pharmacologic options.

Updated, revised and organized, the new Second Editions in the Clinical Sciences Series reflect the format of the USMLE Step 2. Each volume systematically presents the core information of a single segment of the medical curriculum, from Family Medicine to Psychiatry. You will also learn time-honored tricks of the trade,as well as the latest advances in clinical medicine: new diagnostic tools, new therapeutic interventions, and new pharmacologic options.

Updated, revised and organized, the new Second Editions in the Clinical Sciences Series reflect the format of the USMLE Step 2. Each volume systematically presents the core information of a single segment of the medical curriculum, from Family Medicine to Psychiatry. You will also learn time-honored tricks of the trade,as well as the latest advances in clinical medicine: new diagnostic tools, new therapeutic interventions, and new pharmacologic options.

Updated, revised and organized, the new Second Editions in the Clinical Sciences Series reflect the format of the USMLE Step 2. Each volume systematically presents the core information of a single segment of the medical curriculum, from Family Medicine to Psychiatry. You will also learn time-honored tricks of the trade,as well as the latest advances in clinical medicine: new diagnostic tools, new therapeutic interventions, and new pharmacologic options.

Updated, revised and organized, the new Second Editions in the Clinical Sciences Series reflect the format of the USMLE Step 2. Each volume systematically presents the core information of a single segment of the medical curriculum, from Family Medicine to Psychiatry. You will also learn time-honored tricks of the trade,as well as the latest advances in clinical medicine: new diagnostic tools, new therapeutic interventions, and new pharmacologic options.

Updated, revised and organized, the new Second Editions in the Clinical Sciences Series reflect the format of the USMLE Step 2. Each volume systematically presents the core information of a single segment of the medical curriculum, from Family Medicine to Psychiatry. You will also learn time-honored tricks of the trade,as well as the latest advances in clinical medicine: new diagnostic tools, new therapeutic interventions, and new pharmacologic options.

This review covers the major systems of human physiology. The review is not ex­ haustive; it assumes that the student has completed a course in human physiology and wishes to refresh their memory in preparing for an examination. The student is advised to refer to a competent textbook several times in this review. This book is a revised version of a review book used by our medical students for over ten years. Coverage of the various topics in physiology is comparable to the percentage of questions on those topics in recent National Board, Part I examinations. Review questions follow every few pages of text in order to monitor your under­ standing of the just preceding material. The multiple choice questions are mainly of the two conventional types; "single best answer" questions, for which you choose the single best answer, and "multiple correct answer" questions, for which you choose the one or more correct alternatives. The two multiple choice formats have been standardized throughout the book.

This is not a textbook. Instead, it contains what the author judges necessary to cope with questions relating to Gross Anatomy in board and licensure exami­ nations. Although material that has appeared recently on (Part I) National Board Examinations is covered, simply listing and answering such questions certainly would not prepare you for the myriad possible alternatives. Because of your suc­ cessful background in anatomy, the approaches used in a first-year course are not necessary here. Recall, review and synthesis are the goals. Please examine the entire book now, to understand its organization and content, and how they may serve your needs. Throughout, text is kept to a minimum. The style, size and boldness of type were chosen to aid the quick recognition of import items. The illustrations, es­ sentially adaptations from blackboard drawings used by the author in reviews, support the text in certain areas. However, the number of illustrations sufficient to make this an independent resource would defeat our purpose. I assume you will consult your favorite atlas as you review, and that you are experienced enough now to relate your reading to your own body. A general table of contents follows this preface; detailed tables of content precede individual chapters.

This book was prepared to present an integrated review of selected topics in Human Embryology. It is designed specifically for students who completed stan­ dard courses in the various anatomical disciplines and who wish to review the developmental history of the major organ systems. This book will provide medical students with a highly suitable review for Step 1 of the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE, Step 1). R. E. Coalson J. J. Tomasek Acknowledgments We wish to acknowledge the invaluable assistance provided by our colleagues at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center during preparation of this review. In particular, we would like to thank Ms. Nancy Halliday for proofread­ ing, Mr. Shawn Schlinke for preparation of the illustrations, Mr. Melville Vaughan for assistance with mounting the illustrations, and Ms. Trenda Tanner for assis­ tance with the typing. Contents Preface to the Oklahoma Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii 1. Gametogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Female Reproductive Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Fertilization and Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4. Implantation and Formation of the Deciduae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5. Formation of the Placenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6. Fetal Membranes and Umbilical Cord . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 7. Early Development of the Conceptus 26 8. Development of General Body Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 9. Nervous System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 10. Musculoskeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 11. Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 12. Oral Cavity and Development of the Branchial Apparatus . . . . . . . . 62 13. Differentiation of the Branchial Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 14. Face and Palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 15. Digestive System and Mesenteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 16. Diaphragm and Body Cavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 17. Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .