Powertrain – serie

The book provides a detailed overview of the various aspects of the properties, extraction, storage, and application of natural gas, renewable methane, and synthetic e-fuels. The current state of research on electrically generated fuels (e-fuels) is presented in an FVV report. This second edition not only looks at the monovalent combustion of these fuels in vehicles, but also highlights the advantages of simultaneous combustion of gaseous and liquid fuels. In addition to in-depth descriptions of technology and operation, the current CO2 debate and future developments towards climate-neutral mobility are discussed.

Supercharging the reciprocating piston internal combustion engine is as old as the engine itself. Early on, it was used to improve the high-altitude performance of aircraft engines and later to increase the short-term peak performance in sporty or very expensive automobiles. It took nearly 30 years until it reached economic importance in the form of the ef?ciency-improving exhaust gas turbocharging of slow- and medium-speed diesel engines. It took 30 more years until it entered high-volume automotive engine production, in the form of both mechanically driven displacement compressors and modern exhaust gas turbocharging systems. Since, in spite of promising alternative developments for mobile applications, the internal combustion engine will remain dominant for the foreseeable future, its further development is essential. Today many demands are placed on automobile engines: on the one hand, consumers insistonextremeef?ciency,andontheotherhandlawsestablishstrictstandardsfor,e.g.,noiseandexhaust gas emissions. It would be extremely dif?cult for an internal combustion engine to meet these demands without the advantages afforded by supercharging. The purpose of this book is to facilitate a better understanding of the characteristics of superchargers in respect to their physical operating principles, as well as their interaction with piston engines. This applies both to the displacementcompressorandtoexhaustgasturbochargingsystems,whichoftenareverycomplex. It is not intended to cover the layout, calculation, and design of supercharging equipment as such–thisspecialareaisreservedforthepertinenttechnicalliterature–buttocoverthosequestions which are important for an ef?cient interaction between engine and supercharging system, as well as the description of the tools necessary to obtain an optimal engine–supercharger combination.

Supercharging the reciprocating piston internal combustion engine is as old as the engine itself. Early on, it was used to improve the high-altitude performance of aircraft engines and later to increase the short-term peak performance in sporty or very expensive automobiles. It took nearly 30 years until it reached economic importance in the form of the ef?ciency-improving exhaust gas turbocharging of slow- and medium-speed diesel engines. It took 30 more years until it entered high-volume automotive engine production, in the form of both mechanically driven displacement compressors and modern exhaust gas turbocharging systems. Since, in spite of promising alternative developments for mobile applications, the internal combustion engine will remain dominant for the foreseeable future, its further development is essential. Today many demands are placed on automobile engines: on the one hand, consumers insistonextremeef?ciency,andontheotherhandlawsestablishstrictstandardsfor,e.g.,noiseandexhaust gas emissions. It would be extremely dif?cult for an internal combustion engine to meet these demands without the advantages afforded by supercharging. The purpose of this book is to facilitate a better understanding of the characteristics of superchargers in respect to their physical operating principles, as well as their interaction with piston engines. This applies both to the displacementcompressorandtoexhaustgasturbochargingsystems,whichoftenareverycomplex. It is not intended to cover the layout, calculation, and design of supercharging equipment as such–thisspecialareaisreservedforthepertinenttechnicalliterature–buttocoverthosequestions which are important for an ef?cient interaction between engine and supercharging system, as well as the description of the tools necessary to obtain an optimal engine–supercharger combination.

This book presents essential information on systems and interactions in automotive transmission technology and outlines the methodologies used to analyze and develop transmission concepts and designs. Functions of and interactions between components and subassemblies of transmissions are introduced, providing a basis for designing transmission systems and for determining their potentials and properties in vehicle-specific applications: passenger cars, trucks, buses, tractors and motorcycles. With these fundamentals the presentation provides universal resources for both state-of-the-art and future transmission technologies, including systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles.

This book focuses on natural gas and synthetic methane as contemporary and future energy sources. Following a historical overview, physical and chemical properties, occurrence, extraction, transportation and storage of natural gas are discussed. Sustainable production of natural gas and methane as well as production and storage of synthetic methane are scrutinized next. A substantial part of the book addresses construction of vehicles for natural and synthetic methane as well as large engines for industrial and maritime use. The last chapters present some perspectives on further uses of renewable liquid fuels as well as natural gas for industrial engines and gas power plants.

The bookdeals with the increasingly complex test systems for powertrain components andsystems giving an overview of the diverse types of test beds for allcomponents of an advanced powertrain focusing on specific topics such asinstrumentation, control, simulation, hardware-in-the-loop, automation or testfacility management. This book is intended for powertrain (component)development engineers, test bed planners, test bed operators and beginners.

This book presents essential information on systems and interactions in automotive transmission technology and outlines the methodologies used to analyze and develop transmission concepts and designs. Functions of and interactions between components and subassemblies of transmissions are introduced, providing a basis for designing transmission systems and for determining their potentials and properties in vehicle-specific applications: passenger cars, trucks, buses, tractors and motorcycles. With these fundamentals the presentation provides universal resources for both state-of-the-art and future transmission technologies, including systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles.

The bookdeals with the increasingly complex test systems for powertrain components andsystems giving an overview of the diverse types of test beds for allcomponents of an advanced powertrain focusing on specific topics such asinstrumentation, control, simulation, hardware-in-the-loop, automation or testfacility management. This book is intended for powertrain (component)development engineers, test bed planners, test bed operators and beginners.

For the last century, the automotive industry has been dominated by internal combustion engines. Their flexibility of application, driving range, performance and sporty characteristics has resulted in several generations of this technology and has formed generations of engineers. But that is not the end of the story. Stricter legislation and increased environmental awareness have resulted in the development of new powertrain technologies in addition and parallel to the highly optimized internal combustion engine. Hybrid powertrains systems, pure battery electric systems and fuel cell systems, in conjunction with a diverse range of applications, have increased the spectrum of powertrain technologies. Furthermore, automated driving together with intelligent and highly connected systems are changing the way to get from A to B. Not only is the interaction of all these new technologies challenging, but also several different disciplines have to collaborate intensively in order for new powertrain systems to be successfully developed. These new technologies and the resulting challenges lead to an increase in system complexity. Approaches such as systems engineering are necessary to manage this complexity. To show how systems engineering manages the increasing complexity of modern powertrain systems, by providing processes, methods, organizational aspects and tools, this book has been structured into five parts.Starting with Challenges for Powertrain Development, which describes automotive-related challenges at different levels of the system hierarchy and from different point of views. The book then continues with the core part, Systems Engineering, in which all the basics of systems engineering, model-based systems engineering, and their related processes, methods, tools, and organizational matters are described. A special focus is placed on important standards and the human factor. The third part, Automotive Powertrain Systems Engineering Approach, puts the fundamentals of systems engineering into practice by adding the automotive context. This part focuses on system development and also considers the interactions to hardware and software development. Several approaches and methods are presented based on systems engineering philosophy. Part four, Powertrain Development Case Studies, adds the practical point of view by providing a range of case studies on powertrain system level and on powertrain element level and discusses the development of hybrid powertrain, internal combustion engines, e-drives, transmissions, batteries and fuel cell systems. Two case studies on a vehicle level are also presented. The final part, Outlook, considers the development of systems engineering itself with particular focus on information communication technologies. Even though this book covers systems engineering from an automotive perspective, many of the challenges, fundamental principles, conclusions and outlooks can be applied to other domains too. Therefore, this book is not only relevant for automotive engineers and students, but also for specialists in scientific and industrial positions in other domains and anyone who has to cope with the challenge of successfully developing complex systems with a large number of collaborating disciplines.

This book provides an introduction to the design and mechanical development of reciprocating piston engines for vehicular applications. Beginning from the determination of required displacement and performance, coverage moves into engine configuration and architecture. Critical layout dimensions and design trade-offs are then presented for pistons, crankshafts, engine blocks, camshafts, valves, and manifolds. Coverage continues with material strength and casting process selection for the cylinder block and cylinder heads. Each major engine component and sub-system is then taken up in turn, from lubrication system, to cooling system, to intake and exhaust systems, to NVH. For this second edition latest findings and design practices are included, with the addition of over sixty new pictures and many new equations.