Reports of China’s Basic Research – serie

This book presents a major research program on epigenetic mechanisms of cell programming and reprogramming. The program was launched by the National Natural Science Foundation of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, which was started in October 2008 and concluded at the end of 2016. It first summarizes the epigenetic research plans and the current situation of epigenetic research in China and the international frontier. With the application of interdisciplinary research methods, the book discusses the development trends of epigenetic research, such as mechanisms of establishment and maintenance of epigenetic information and epigenetic regulation on reproduction and development. It also presents a variety of research achievements. For example, the discovery of new epigenetic regulators and chromatin remodulaters and their biological functions and mechanisms are highlighted. Several regulation mechanisms of cell differentiation and trans-differentiation are discussed, especially the discovery of the key factors to promote the trans-differentiation of somatic cells to hepatocytes. In addition, this book puts forward some key academic fields with increasing importance, such as biochemistry, cell biology, and clinical medicine. Given its scope, the book is of interest to researchers who work in cell biology, biochemistry, structural biology, bioinformatics, clinical medicine, and other related fields.

This book presents a major research program on epigenetic mechanisms of cell programming and reprogramming. The program was launched by the National Natural Science Foundation of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, which was started in October 2008 and concluded at the end of 2016. It first summarizes the epigenetic research plans and the current situation of epigenetic research in China and the international frontier. With the application of interdisciplinary research methods, the book discusses the development trends of epigenetic research, such as mechanisms of establishment and maintenance of epigenetic information and epigenetic regulation on reproduction and development. It also presents a variety of research achievements. For example, the discovery of new epigenetic regulators and chromatin remodulaters and their biological functions and mechanisms are highlighted. Several regulation mechanisms of cell differentiation and trans-differentiation are discussed, especially the discovery of the key factors to promote the trans-differentiation of somatic cells to hepatocytes. In addition, this book puts forward some key academic fields with increasing importance, such as biochemistry, cell biology, and clinical medicine. Given its scope, the book is of interest to researchers who work in cell biology, biochemistry, structural biology, bioinformatics, clinical medicine, and other related fields.

This book mainly introduces the research overview, research results, and follow-up prospects of “Key Basic Scientific Problems on Near-Space Vehicles”, a major research plan of National Natural Science Foundation of China (hereinafter referred to as the Plan). The Plan is the first systematic basic hypersonic research program in China. From its inception in 2007 to its successful completion in 2016, the Plan lasted nine years, funded a total of 173 projects, and the funding totaled 190 million yuan. From the perspective of major national needs and scientific discipline development, the book focuses on four key scientific issues: aerodynamics in a near-space flight environment; advanced propulsion theories and methods; ultralight materials/structures, thermal environment prediction and thermal protection; and intelligent autonomous control theories and methods for hypersonic vehicles. The book also demonstrates China’s systematic and innovative achievements in interdisciplinarytheories and methods and innovative techniques, paving the way for a distinctively Chinese basic research framework and further breakthroughs of near-space hypersonic vehicles.

This book mainly introduces the research overview, research results, and follow-up prospects of “Key Basic Scientific Problems on Near-Space Vehicles”, a major research plan of National Natural Science Foundation of China (hereinafter referred to as the Plan). The Plan is the first systematic basic hypersonic research program in China. From its inception in 2007 to its successful completion in 2016, the Plan lasted nine years, funded a total of 173 projects, and the funding totaled 190 million yuan. From the perspective of major national needs and scientific discipline development, the book focuses on four key scientific issues: aerodynamics in a near-space flight environment; advanced propulsion theories and methods; ultralight materials/structures, thermal environment prediction and thermal protection; and intelligent autonomous control theories and methods for hypersonic vehicles. The book also demonstrates China’s systematic and innovative achievements in interdisciplinarytheories and methods and innovative techniques, paving the way for a distinctively Chinese basic research framework and further breakthroughs of near-space hypersonic vehicles.

This book explores new principles and methods of nanomanufacturing based on physical/chemical effects through interdisciplinary research and reveals surface/interface effects and scale effects in processing, forming, modification, and cross-scale manufacturing at nanoscale and nanoscale precision. It is a summary of a major research project in the field of engineering and materials science of China, the “Fundamental Research of Nanomanufacturing”. It clarifies the evolution mechanism of material structure, establishes the accurate characterization and measurement method of nanomanufacturing process, develops some original nanomanufacturing processes and equipment, and provides theoretical basis for realizing the consistent batch process of nanomanufacturing. It reports a series of research breakthroughs in principles and methods of nano-precision manufacturing, nanoscale structure fabrication as well as efficient and multiscale fabrication of large area nanostructures.

This book explores new principles and methods of nanomanufacturing based on physical/chemical effects through interdisciplinary research and reveals surface/interface effects and scale effects in processing, forming, modification, and cross-scale manufacturing at nanoscale and nanoscale precision. It is a summary of a major research project in the field of engineering and materials science of China, the “Fundamental Research of Nanomanufacturing”. It clarifies the evolution mechanism of material structure, establishes the accurate characterization and measurement method of nanomanufacturing process, develops some original nanomanufacturing processes and equipment, and provides theoretical basis for realizing the consistent batch process of nanomanufacturing. It reports a series of research breakthroughs in principles and methods of nano-precision manufacturing, nanoscale structure fabrication as well as efficient and multiscale fabrication of large area nanostructures.

This book presents a major research program investigating signal transduction processes utilizing small molecule compound probes. The program was launched by the National Natural Science Foundation of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, which was started in October 2008 and concluded at the end of 2016. It first summarizes the overall scientific objectives and the current situation of signal transduction research in China and the international frontier. Based on the new method and technologies achieved in small molecule compound probes, this book illustrates key molecular events in signal transduction processes in living systems and reveals the regulation of signal transduction. This helps to explore new ideas and strategies for the diagnosis and prevention of serious diseases. In addition, via interdisciplinary cooperation of biology and chemistry, this book solves some key scientific problems in biology and promotes recent developments in these fields. These areas includethe generation of small molecule compound probes for studying signal transduction and development of detecting methods for gathering information of biomacromolecule activities. Given its scope, the book is of interest to researchers who work in organic chemistry, natural product chemistry, medicinal chemistry, analytical chemistry and physical chemistry. It also promotes the multidisciplinary collaboration among chemistry, medicine, materials science and biology

This book presents a major research program investigating signal transduction processes utilizing small molecule compound probes. The program was launched by the National Natural Science Foundation of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, which was started in October 2008 and concluded at the end of 2016. It first summarizes the overall scientific objectives and the current situation of signal transduction research in China and the international frontier. Based on the new method and technologies achieved in small molecule compound probes, this book illustrates key molecular events in signal transduction processes in living systems and reveals the regulation of signal transduction. This helps to explore new ideas and strategies for the diagnosis and prevention of serious diseases. In addition, via interdisciplinary cooperation of biology and chemistry, this book solves some key scientific problems in biology and promotes recent developments in these fields. These areas includethe generation of small molecule compound probes for studying signal transduction and development of detecting methods for gathering information of biomacromolecule activities. Given its scope, the book is of interest to researchers who work in organic chemistry, natural product chemistry, medicinal chemistry, analytical chemistry and physical chemistry. It also promotes the multidisciplinary collaboration among chemistry, medicine, materials science and biology

This book highlights the findings and achievements in the major research plan “Detection and Interaction of Single Quantum States” funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). The 8-year plan started in 2011 and consisted of 107 projects conducted by Chinese universities and research institutes. The book covers the plan's research background, achievements, and follow-up prospects. The plan aimed to tackle one of the major challenges for researchers worldwide—to establish precise detection and control of single quantum states in time, space, energy, and momentum. The plan integrated precise detection means with the ultrahigh resolution of time, space, and energy, under extreme conditions such as ultrahigh vacuum, ultralow temperature, high magnetic field, and ultrahigh pressure, using interdisciplinary research methods in physics, chemistry, informatics, and materials science. The book focuses on the exploration of new phenomena, theories, and concepts of single quantum states, describes new techniques and methods of single quantum states, and presents the purification and construction of single-quantum-state systems. It is a concise and valuable source of information for researchers in quantum science and graduate students interested in the research field.

This book highlights the findings and achievements in the major research plan “Detection and Interaction of Single Quantum States” funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). The 8-year plan started in 2011 and consisted of 107 projects conducted by Chinese universities and research institutes. The book covers the plan's research background, achievements, and follow-up prospects. The plan aimed to tackle one of the major challenges for researchers worldwide—to establish precise detection and control of single quantum states in time, space, energy, and momentum. The plan integrated precise detection means with the ultrahigh resolution of time, space, and energy, under extreme conditions such as ultrahigh vacuum, ultralow temperature, high magnetic field, and ultrahigh pressure, using interdisciplinary research methods in physics, chemistry, informatics, and materials science. The book focuses on the exploration of new phenomena, theories, and concepts of single quantum states, describes new techniques and methods of single quantum states, and presents the purification and construction of single-quantum-state systems. It is a concise and valuable source of information for researchers in quantum science and graduate students interested in the research field.

This book discusses fruitful achievements in basic cognitive theories, processing technologies of visual and auditory information and research platforms. This book also can provide strong support for the research and development of artificial intelligence of major national projects, playing important roles in national application systems such as unmanned systems and smart cities. In addition, it has laid a solid foundation for the development of artificial intelligence in China. Intended for researchers who have been following the evolution of and trends in the artificial intelligence, the book is also a valuable reference resource for practitioners and scholars at various levels and in various fields.

This book discusses fruitful achievements in basic cognitive theories, processing technologies of visual and auditory information and research platforms. This book also can provide strong support for the research and development of artificial intelligence of major national projects, playing important roles in national application systems such as unmanned systems and smart cities. In addition, it has laid a solid foundation for the development of artificial intelligence in China. Intended for researchers who have been following the evolution of and trends in the artificial intelligence, the book is also a valuable reference resource for practitioners and scholars at various levels and in various fields.

This book presents the findings of a major research program investigating structural design and controllable preparation of function-directed crystalline materials. The program was launched by the National Natural Science Foundation of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, which was started in October 2008 and concluded at the end of 2016. This book first summarizes the overall scientific objectives and the current state of the art of crystalline materials research in China and the international frontier. It also focuses on exploring the relationships between structures, compositions, and properties of crystalline materials and proposes new mechanisms and models for new materials exploration. In addition, it introduces a new functional-motif theory that can guide the development of crystalline materials with optical, electrical, and other composite functions and presents new research methods for the controlled synthesis and assembly of crystalline materials, and detection and characterization of functional motifs. Furthermore, practical applications for materials such as photoelectric conversion materials, nonlinear optical materials, laser and fluorescent crystal materials, and ferroelectric and microwave dielectric materials have been described. Given its scope, this book is of interest to researchers who work in crystalline materials. It also promotes the multidisciplinary collaboration among chemistry, materials science, and physics.

This book presents the findings of a major research program investigating structural design and controllable preparation of function-directed crystalline materials. The program was launched by the National Natural Science Foundation of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, which was started in October 2008 and concluded at the end of 2016. This book first summarizes the overall scientific objectives and the current state of the art of crystalline materials research in China and the international frontier. It also focuses on exploring the relationships between structures, compositions, and properties of crystalline materials and proposes new mechanisms and models for new materials exploration. In addition, it introduces a new functional-motif theory that can guide the development of crystalline materials with optical, electrical, and other composite functions and presents new research methods for the controlled synthesis and assembly of crystalline materials, and detection and characterization of functional motifs. Furthermore, practical applications for materials such as photoelectric conversion materials, nonlinear optical materials, laser and fluorescent crystal materials, and ferroelectric and microwave dielectric materials have been described. Given its scope, this book is of interest to researchers who work in crystalline materials. It also promotes the multidisciplinary collaboration among chemistry, materials science, and physics.

This book mainly introduces the research overview, results, and achievements of “The Fundamental Research for Trustworthy Software”, a major research plan of NSFC. The Plan focuses on four key scientific issues:(i) measurement and modeling of software trustworthiness;(ii) construction and verification of trustworthy software;(iii) evolution and control of trustworthy software;(iv) trusted environment construction and evaluation.This book aims to establish a research framework for fundamental research on trustworthy software by focusing on the trustworthiness of embedded software and network application software, as well as the trustworthiness of software in key application fields in China. This book is intended for researchers who have been following the evolution of and trends in the trustworthy software; the book is also a valuable reference resource for practitioners and scholars at various levels and in various fields.

This book mainly introduces the research overview, results, and achievements of “The Fundamental Research for Trustworthy Software”, a major research plan of NSFC. The Plan focuses on four key scientific issues:(i) measurement and modeling of software trustworthiness;(ii) construction and verification of trustworthy software;(iii) evolution and control of trustworthy software;(iv) trusted environment construction and evaluation.This book aims to establish a research framework for fundamental research on trustworthy software by focusing on the trustworthiness of embedded software and network application software, as well as the trustworthiness of software in key application fields in China. This book is intended for researchers who have been following the evolution of and trends in the trustworthy software; the book is also a valuable reference resource for practitioners and scholars at various levels and in various fields.

This book mainly introduces overview of “Destruction of the North China Craton”, a major research plan of NSFC. It summarizes the scientific ideas, core key scientific issues, scientific research objectives, and models of the major research plan of "Destruction of the North China Craton". From the perspective of major national needs and scientific discipline development, the book focuses on the following aspects: the temporal and spatial distribution range, process, and mechanism of the NCC destruction; the properties, structure, and interaction of materials in different spheres in the earth during craton destruction; the shallow effect of craton destruction; and the control mechanism of mineral resources, energy, and disasters. The book also makes a strategic prospect for the study of global dynamics and improves human understanding of the formation and evolution of continents.

This book mainly introduces overview of “Destruction of the North China Craton”, a major research plan of NSFC. It summarizes the scientific ideas, core key scientific issues, scientific research objectives, and models of the major research plan of "Destruction of the North China Craton". From the perspective of major national needs and scientific discipline development, the book focuses on the following aspects: the temporal and spatial distribution range, process, and mechanism of the NCC destruction; the properties, structure, and interaction of materials in different spheres in the earth during craton destruction; the shallow effect of craton destruction; and the control mechanism of mineral resources, energy, and disasters. The book also makes a strategic prospect for the study of global dynamics and improves human understanding of the formation and evolution of continents.

This book mainly introduces the research overview, research results and follow-up prospects of “Unconventional Emergency Management Research”, a major research plan of National Natural Science Foundation of China (hereinafter referred to as the Plan). The Plan has carried out innovative research around major strategic fields and directions on emergency management. A total of 121 projects were funded by the Plan, including 92 Fostering Projects, 25 Key Projects and 4 Integrated Projects, with a total funding of 120 million RMB. From the perspective of major national needs and scientific discipline development, the book focuses on three key scientific issues: information processing and evolution modeling of unconventional emergencies, emergency decision-making theory of unconventional emergencies, and psychological and behavioral response laws of individuals and groups in emergency situations. The publication of this book aims to provide more powerful support for the research and exploration in public security and emergency management.