Springer Tracts in Electrical and Electronics Engineering – serie

This book is a unique book capturing defects that are frequently encountered during various fabrication phases of electronic packages. These defects have been analyzed to their root cause and mitigation techniques and presented in the book. The book includes 228 cases with more than 480 color and magnified images of the defects. These defects are covered under eight subheads, viz soldering defects, PCB defects, mounting defects, conformal coating and potting defects, EEE component defects, workmanship defects, defects due to usage of non-FFF components, and defects in CAD layout. The possible reasons for the occurrence of the defects and the methods/practices by which they can be eliminated/mitigated have also been discussed. The chapter "mounting defects" shows the correct approach in the adjacent photograph, so that the users can refer to the right procedures. The book is helpful to those who are involved in the production of electronics packages to familiarize them with the different cases shown carefully and revised frequently. Exposure to the different defects is useful to all who are working in fabrication and quality control to realize a zero-defect product sans much time and investment. The book is valuable for the technical community working for aerospace applications, industry partners in the realization of space programs, aerospace, and high-reliability institutions, various electronic fabrication agencies in the country, engineers and technicians taking up courses in high-reliability soldering and fabrication techniques, and the students.

This book is a unique book capturing defects that are frequently encountered during various fabrication phases of electronic packages. These defects have been analyzed to their root cause and mitigation techniques and presented in the book. The book includes 228 cases with more than 480 color and magnified images of the defects. These defects are covered under eight subheads, viz soldering defects, PCB defects, mounting defects, conformal coating and potting defects, EEE component defects, workmanship defects, defects due to usage of non-FFF components, and defects in CAD layout. The possible reasons for the occurrence of the defects and the methods/practices by which they can be eliminated/mitigated have also been discussed. The chapter "mounting defects" shows the correct approach in the adjacent photograph, so that the users can refer to the right procedures. The book is helpful to those who are involved in the production of electronics packages to familiarize them with the different cases shown carefully and revised frequently. Exposure to the different defects is useful to all who are working in fabrication and quality control to realize a zero-defect product sans much time and investment. The book is valuable for the technical community working for aerospace applications, industry partners in the realization of space programs, aerospace, and high-reliability institutions, various electronic fabrication agencies in the country, engineers and technicians taking up courses in high-reliability soldering and fabrication techniques, and the students.

This book covers two broad domains: state-of-the-art research in GaN HEMT and Ga2O3 HEMT. Each technology covers materials system, band engineering, modeling and simulations, fabrication techniques, and emerging applications. The book presents basic operation principles of HEMT, types of HEMT structures, and semiconductor device physics to understand the device behavior. The book presents numerical modeling of the device and TCAD simulations for high-frequency and high-power applications. The chapters include device characteristics of HEMT including 2DEG density, Id-Vgs, Id-Vds, transconductance, linearity, and C-V. The book emphasizes the state-of-the-art fabrication techniques of HEMT and circuit design for various applications in low noise amplifier, oscillator, power electronics, and biosensor applications. The book focuses on HEMT applications to meet the ever-increasing demands of the industry, innovation in terms of materials, design, modeling, simulation, processes, and circuits. The book will be primarily helpful to undergraduate/postgraduate, researchers, and practitioners in their research.

This book covers two broad domains: state-of-the-art research in GaN HEMT and Ga2O3 HEMT. Each technology covers materials system, band engineering, modeling and simulations, fabrication techniques, and emerging applications. The book presents basic operation principles of HEMT, types of HEMT structures, and semiconductor device physics to understand the device behavior. The book presents numerical modeling of the device and TCAD simulations for high-frequency and high-power applications. The chapters include device characteristics of HEMT including 2DEG density, Id-Vgs, Id-Vds, transconductance, linearity, and C-V. The book emphasizes the state-of-the-art fabrication techniques of HEMT and circuit design for various applications in low noise amplifier, oscillator, power electronics, and biosensor applications. The book focuses on HEMT applications to meet the ever-increasing demands of the industry, innovation in terms of materials, design, modeling, simulation, processes, and circuits. The book will be primarily helpful to undergraduate/postgraduate, researchers, and practitioners in their research.

This book provides a design and development perspective MPC for micro-grid control, emphasizing step-by-step conversion of a nonlinear MPC to linear MPC preserving critical aspects of nonlinear MPC. The book discusses centralized and decentralized MPC control algorithms for a generic modern-day micro-grid consisting of vital essential constituents. It starts with the nonlinear MPC formulation for micro-grids. It also moves towards the linear time-invariant and linear time-variant approximations of the MPC for micro-grid control. The contents also discuss how the application of orthonormal special functions can improve computational complexity of MPC algorithms. It also highlights various auxiliary requirements like state estimator, disturbance compensator for robustness, selective harmonic eliminator for eliminating harmonics in the micro-grid, etc. These additional requirements are crucial for the successful online implementation of the MPC. In the end, the book shows how a well-designed MPC is superior in performance compared to the conventional micro-grid primary controllers discussed above. The key topics discussed in this book include – the detailed modeling of micro-grid components; operational modes in micro-grid and their control objectives; conventional micro-grid primary controllers; the importance of MPC as a micro-grid primary controller; understanding of MPC operation; nonlinear MPC formulation; linear approximations of MPC; application of special functions in the MPC formulation; and other online requirements for the MPC implementation. The examples in the book are available both from a calculation point of view and as MATLAB codes. This helps the students get acquainted with the subject first and then allows them to implement the subject they learn in software for further understanding and research.

This book provides a design and development perspective MPC for micro-grid control, emphasizing step-by-step conversion of a nonlinear MPC to linear MPC preserving critical aspects of nonlinear MPC. The book discusses centralized and decentralized MPC control algorithms for a generic modern-day micro-grid consisting of vital essential constituents. It starts with the nonlinear MPC formulation for micro-grids. It also moves towards the linear time-invariant and linear time-variant approximations of the MPC for micro-grid control. The contents also discuss how the application of orthonormal special functions can improve computational complexity of MPC algorithms. It also highlights various auxiliary requirements like state estimator, disturbance compensator for robustness, selective harmonic eliminator for eliminating harmonics in the micro-grid, etc. These additional requirements are crucial for the successful online implementation of the MPC. In the end, the book shows how a well-designed MPC is superior in performance compared to the conventional micro-grid primary controllers discussed above. The key topics discussed in this book include – the detailed modeling of micro-grid components; operational modes in micro-grid and their control objectives; conventional micro-grid primary controllers; the importance of MPC as a micro-grid primary controller; understanding of MPC operation; nonlinear MPC formulation; linear approximations of MPC; application of special functions in the MPC formulation; and other online requirements for the MPC implementation. The examples in the book are available both from a calculation point of view and as MATLAB codes. This helps the students get acquainted with the subject first and then allows them to implement the subject they learn in software for further understanding and research.

The book explores the emerging field of nanoelectronics technology and its applications, with a focus on advanced semiconductor materials, devices, and circuits essential for VLSI design in IoT applications. It covers both two‑terminal and multi‑terminal devices, emphasizing their simulation, modeling, fabrication, and characterization. This book includes key topics such as novel material systems, band engineering, and modern fabrication techniques. This book serves as a valuable resource for Ph.D., postgraduate, and undergraduate students engaged in nanoelectronics research. It is also suitable as a textbook for elective courses in Electronics and Communication Engineering and Electrical Engineering at universities worldwide.

This book provides the detail analysis of various computations techniques such as Density Functional Theory (DFT), Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS), and COMSOL Multiphysics; to investigate the various properties and physical parameters of perovskite solar cells such as electrical and optoelectronic properties, band gap matching strategy, doping concentrations, defects density, grading effect, multivalent defects, scripting, multi-terminal/multi-junction tandem connection. The computational analysis technique is a low cost method to investigate doping concentration, device structure, operating conditions and material compositions of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). One of the prime areas of focus in this book is the computational study of the electronic structure and optoelectronic properties of perovskite materials. This scope of this book attracts researchers, scientists and industry practitioners who are interested in new materials and computational methods to increase the efficiency of photovoltaics and solar cell devices.

This book focuses on the use of nature‑inspired algorithms in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and smart cities. It discusses the key aspects of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, including its cyber, digital, and biological domains. The book also highlights how emerging technologies—shaped by naturalistic algorithms—intersect with the development and realization of smart cities. It explores new optimization models, modeling features, and solution methodologies driven by specific applications such as VLSI IC design, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT). These applications utilize intelligent devices, smart infrastructures, advanced sensors, and machine learning across various sectors, including business, finance, industry, manufacturing, management, and environmental systems. The book presents the latest optimization approaches for a wide range of real‑world application areas and serves as a valuable guide for students, academics, and professionals in the field.

This book covers the principles, operation, and applications of the modern micro-nano devices being developed to address global twenty-first-century challenges. The subject of this book is Micro-Nano Systems in the twenty-first century. The major areas of applications cover medical diagnostics, 5G/6G communication, inertial, space, geography and resource exploration, defense, aviation, etc. This book provides the readers with a comprehensive outlook on the topics to help understand the physical scientific principles and techniques being applied to the design and development of devices, sensors, and actuators using Micro-Nano System Technology (MST). The book addresses fabrication technologies such as CMOS-MEMS, Piezoelectric, and other special MEMS processes, where novel transducers are being designed and developed for ultrasound, energy harvesting, data storage, computing, inertial, fluidics, optomechanical, etc. The book serves as a tutorial guide to graduate students, researchers, engineers, other large technical audiences, and also the general public to understand these topics in a systematic and more thorough way by providing a range of illustrations, comparative charts/tables, equations, analysis, and plots/graphs. In a nutshell, the book is designed to provide a didactic approach to explaining scientific facts and figures in more lucid ways. The students will get the engineering and scientific know-how of modern micro and nano system technology, a range of transduction principles, and potential applied application areas. Readers will understand (through first-hand equations, principles of operations, solved examples, notes, several illustrations, and graphs) how to design, and develop a range of applications in microsystem technology.

The book examines the latest trends in clean energy research and applications from around the globe. It introduces various clean energy technologies and discusses efficient energy conversion devices expected to be next-generation power sources. The first section focuses on the effective use of existing renewable energy systems, featuring contributions from internationally recognized experts. It analyzes governance strategies for transitioning to clean energy, including policy instruments and comparative studies of different countries. Key areas highlighted include solar, wind, ocean thermal, biomass, hydropower, and geothermal energy. The second and third sections delve into waste biomass resources and cellulosic materials in biorefineries, emphasizing their efficient use. The final section explores next-generation biofuels, detailing biodiesel production from algae and vegetable oils, and discusses fourth-generation biofuels that use genetically engineered feedstocks. Additionally, it covers clean combustion and emission control in green aviation, focusing on sustainable biofuel Life Cycle Assessments.

Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) have shown the significant advancement in the field of photovoltaic technologies, which are transforming the renewable energy landscape through their remarkable efficiency and adaptability. This Book explores the synthesis techniques, characterization, and utilization of perovskite materials, including lead-free alternatives, tandem configurations, and novel strategies for indoor and large area PSCs.Featuring detailed analyses of the fundamental optoelectronic properties, stability issues, and device engineering techniques, this volume offers critical insights into the scientific advancements driving innovations in sustainable and high-performance solar energy solutions. This book serves as vital resource for researchers, materials scientists, and industry professionals interested in the groundbreaking potential of perovskite solar cells in redefining the future of photovoltaics.

This book focuses on current trends and challenges in security threats and breaches in cyberspace which have rapidly become more common, creative, and critical. Some of the themes covered include network security, firewall security, automation in forensic science and criminal investigation, Medical of Things (MOT) security, healthcare system security, end-point security, smart energy systems, smart infrastructure systems, intrusion detection/prevention, security standards and policies, among others. This book is a useful guide for those in academia and industry working in the broad field of IT security.

This book focuses on current trends and challenges in security threats and breaches in cyberspace which have rapidly become more common, creative, and critical. Some of the themes covered include network security, firewall security, automation in forensic science and criminal investigation, Medical of Things (MOT) security, healthcare system security, end-point security, smart energy systems, smart infrastructure systems, intrusion detection/prevention, security standards and policies, among others. This book is a useful guide for those in academia and industry working in the broad field of IT security.

This book equips its readers with fundamental concepts and a comprehensive understanding of the principle and functionality of biosensors. This book focuses on various biosensor technologies like field effect transistor (FET), plasmonics, bioresorbable biosensors, electro-chemical biosensors, etc., and their applications. The book also covers the reliability aspects and challenges in biosensor development that are a major cause of erroneous calibration and even failure. The book also features the concept of bio receptors, immobilization techniques, target-receptor interactions, surface energy changes, sensitivity, selectivity, etc. This would be an ideal reference for researchers and scholars studying biosensors realized with various material sets and technologies including state-of-the-art modern materials and innovative techniques.

This book equips its readers with fundamental concepts and a comprehensive understanding of the principle and functionality of biosensors. This book focuses on various biosensor technologies like field effect transistor (FET), plasmonics, bioresorbable biosensors, electro-chemical biosensors, etc., and their applications. The book also covers the reliability aspects and challenges in biosensor development that are a major cause of erroneous calibration and even failure. The book also features the concept of bio receptors, immobilization techniques, target-receptor interactions, surface energy changes, sensitivity, selectivity, etc. This would be an ideal reference for researchers and scholars studying biosensors realized with various material sets and technologies including state-of-the-art modern materials and innovative techniques.

This book provides detailed information on a low-cost, high-speed infrastructure to support applications and services based on 5G/6G, the Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities, and fiber-to-the-x (FTTX). The contents will serve as a ready reference for researchers, design engineers, network operators, and service providers, as well as graduating engineers interested in pursuing careers in the optical access network domain. The book is a road map for designing and developing access networks for a variety of applications, including smart cities and long-distance high-speed access networks. The book is useful for undergraduate, postgraduate, and research students, particularly in developing South-East Asian countries.

This book provides detailed information on a low-cost, high-speed infrastructure to support applications and services based on 5G/6G, the Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities, and fiber-to-the-x (FTTX). The contents will serve as a ready reference for researchers, design engineers, network operators, and service providers, as well as graduating engineers interested in pursuing careers in the optical access network domain. The book is a road map for designing and developing access networks for a variety of applications, including smart cities and long-distance high-speed access networks. The book is useful for undergraduate, postgraduate, and research students, particularly in developing South-East Asian countries.

The book discusses almost all aspects of spintronics-based neuromorphic computing, starting from a very basic level, and will be of interest to both spintronics and neuromorphic computing communities. The chapters also cover most simulation and experimental studies reported recently by researchers worldwide on this topic. The book includes an introductory chapter on nanomagnetism and spin physics and another on neural network algorithms (covering both the machine-learning and neuroscience aspects of these algorithms). These introductory chapters will help the readers build their background and truly appreciate the recent research results on spintronics-based neuromorphic computing, presented in the later chapters of the book. Various numerical simulation exercises are also provided in the book.

The book discusses almost all aspects of spintronics-based neuromorphic computing, starting from a very basic level, and will be of interest to both spintronics and neuromorphic computing communities. The chapters also cover most simulation and experimental studies reported recently by researchers worldwide on this topic. The book includes an introductory chapter on nanomagnetism and spin physics and another on neural network algorithms (covering both the machine-learning and neuroscience aspects of these algorithms). These introductory chapters will help the readers build their background and truly appreciate the recent research results on spintronics-based neuromorphic computing, presented in the later chapters of the book. Various numerical simulation exercises are also provided in the book.

This book presents multi-stage feedback control designs for the system with multi-time-scale behaviour both in the continuous time domain and discrete-time domain. Multi-time-scale systems have widely separated clusters of eigenvalues, making the system matrices ill-conditioned. Due to this the direct design of a feedback controller and reduced- or full-order observers for such systems is a challenging task. Hence, the feedback controllers and observers are designed in multiple design stages, i.e. two-stage design for the two-time-scale system and three-stage design for the three-time-scale system. In this book, multi-stage feedback controller and observer designs are proposed for the three-time-scale system to reduce offline and online computational efforts. The applicability of these methods is demonstrated by simulating practical systems like a coal-fired power plant and a nuclear power plant.This book also discusses the design of multi-stage feedback controllers in discrete time. The design of state feedback control for a multi-time-scale system with a lower sampling rate fails to capture information in the fastest (very fast) and fast states. While sampling at a higher rate increases computation time. Thus, the use of single-rate sampling for such systems is unsuitable. Therefore, multi-rate state feedback controllers are designed for the multi-time-scale system, in which slow, fast, and very fast states are sampled at different sampling rates. As slow, fast and very fast states are the decoupled and internal states of the original system, these are estimated by the sequential multi-stage observers. Applications of these multirate designs to the numerical examples are demonstrated and simulations are compared with single-rate sampling methods. The methods suggested in this book result in considerable savings in online and offline computations, reduction in design complexity, and improvement in robustness and closed-loop performance. This book can be beneficial to mathematicians, scientists, researchers and practicing engineers working in this area.

This book presents multi-stage feedback control designs for the system with multi-time-scale behaviour both in the continuous time domain and discrete-time domain. Multi-time-scale systems have widely separated clusters of eigenvalues, making the system matrices ill-conditioned. Due to this the direct design of a feedback controller and reduced- or full-order observers for such systems is a challenging task. Hence, the feedback controllers and observers are designed in multiple design stages, i.e. two-stage design for the two-time-scale system and three-stage design for the three-time-scale system. In this book, multi-stage feedback controller and observer designs are proposed for the three-time-scale system to reduce offline and online computational efforts. The applicability of these methods is demonstrated by simulating practical systems like a coal-fired power plant and a nuclear power plant.This book also discusses the design of multi-stage feedback controllers in discrete time. The design of state feedback control for a multi-time-scale system with a lower sampling rate fails to capture information in the fastest (very fast) and fast states. While sampling at a higher rate increases computation time. Thus, the use of single-rate sampling for such systems is unsuitable. Therefore, multi-rate state feedback controllers are designed for the multi-time-scale system, in which slow, fast, and very fast states are sampled at different sampling rates. As slow, fast and very fast states are the decoupled and internal states of the original system, these are estimated by the sequential multi-stage observers. Applications of these multirate designs to the numerical examples are demonstrated and simulations are compared with single-rate sampling methods. The methods suggested in this book result in considerable savings in online and offline computations, reduction in design complexity, and improvement in robustness and closed-loop performance. This book can be beneficial to mathematicians, scientists, researchers and practicing engineers working in this area.

This book focuses on summarizing recent research trends for new beyond-CMOS and beyond-silicon devices, circuits, and architectures for computing. It reports the recent achievements in this field from leading research trends around the globe, specifically focusing on nanoscale beyond silicon materials and devices, functional nanomaterials, nanoscale devices, beyond-CMOS devices materials, and their opportunities and challenges. The book is devoted to the fast-evolving field of modern material science and nanoelectronics, particularly to the physics and technology of functional nanomaterials and devices.

This book focuses on summarizing recent research trends for new beyond-CMOS and beyond-silicon devices, circuits, and architectures for computing. It reports the recent achievements in this field from leading research trends around the globe, specifically focusing on nanoscale beyond silicon materials and devices, functional nanomaterials, nanoscale devices, beyond-CMOS devices materials, and their opportunities and challenges. The book is devoted to the fast-evolving field of modern material science and nanoelectronics, particularly to the physics and technology of functional nanomaterials and devices.

This volume provides a comprehensive overview of recent research advances in the upcoming field of sparse control and state estimation of linear dynamical systems. The contents offer a detailed introduction to the subject by combining classical control theory and compressed sensing. It covers conceptual foundations, including the formulation, theory, and algorithms, and outlines numerous remaining research challenges. Specifically, the book provides a detailed discussion on observability, controllability, and stabilizability under sparsity constraints. It also presents efficient, systematic, and rigorous approaches to estimating the sparse initial states and designing sparse control inputs. It also gives background materials from real analysis and probability theory and includes applications in network control, wireless communication, and image processing. It serves as a compendious source for graduate students and researchers in signal processing and control systems to acquire a thorough understanding of the underlying unified themes. The academic and industrial professionals working on the design and optimization of sparsity-constrained systems also benefit from the exposure to the array of recent works on linear dynamical systems and related mathematical machinery.

This volume provides a comprehensive overview of recent research advances in the upcoming field of sparse control and state estimation of linear dynamical systems. The contents offer a detailed introduction to the subject by combining classical control theory and compressed sensing. It covers conceptual foundations, including the formulation, theory, and algorithms, and outlines numerous remaining research challenges. Specifically, the book provides a detailed discussion on observability, controllability, and stabilizability under sparsity constraints. It also presents efficient, systematic, and rigorous approaches to estimating the sparse initial states and designing sparse control inputs. It also gives background materials from real analysis and probability theory and includes applications in network control, wireless communication, and image processing. It serves as a compendious source for graduate students and researchers in signal processing and control systems to acquire a thorough understanding of the underlying unified themes. The academic and industrial professionals working on the design and optimization of sparsity-constrained systems also benefit from the exposure to the array of recent works on linear dynamical systems and related mathematical machinery.

This volume focuses on GaN HEMT, the most promising transistor technology for RF power applications such as 5G communications, space and defense. The contents include accurate small signal models required to predict the RF power performance of RF electronic circuits, large signal modeling of GaN HEMTs, accurate and compact physical models to assist the RF circuit designers to optimize GaN HEMT-based power amplifiers and integrated circuits, among others. The book also covers thermal resistance modeling of GaN HEMTs, charge-based compact models, and surface potential-based models to study the impact of gate leakage current on the RF power performance of GaN HEMTs. This book also deals with the analytical modeling of intrinsic charges and surface potential of GaN HEMTs, physical modeling of charge trapping, neural network-based GaN HEMT models, numerical-based GaN HEMT models, modeling of short channel effects in GaN HEMTs, modeling of parasitic capacitances and resistances, modelingof current collapse and kink effects in HGaN HEMTs, etc. This volume will be a useful to those in industry and academia.

This volume focuses on GaN HEMT, the most promising transistor technology for RF power applications such as 5G communications, space and defense. The contents include accurate small signal models required to predict the RF power performance of RF electronic circuits, large signal modeling of GaN HEMTs, accurate and compact physical models to assist the RF circuit designers to optimize GaN HEMT-based power amplifiers and integrated circuits, among others. The book also covers thermal resistance modeling of GaN HEMTs, charge-based compact models, and surface potential-based models to study the impact of gate leakage current on the RF power performance of GaN HEMTs. This book also deals with the analytical modeling of intrinsic charges and surface potential of GaN HEMTs, physical modeling of charge trapping, neural network-based GaN HEMT models, numerical-based GaN HEMT models, modeling of short channel effects in GaN HEMTs, modeling of parasitic capacitances and resistances, modelingof current collapse and kink effects in HGaN HEMTs, etc. This volume will be a useful to those in industry and academia.

This book presents the gradual development of particle accelerators that originated from the theory of atomic structure with the disintegration of nuclei in 1911, pioneering findings on radioactivity in 1919, and a few fundamental theories. It describes how the initial energy level has been raised to the present stage of operation and explains how the technological constraints that surfaced during operation over the years were gracefully solved in each step. This book has shared the working experience in a reputed particle accelerator project and tried to highlight various technical difficulties and approaches to find viable solutions to critical problems. The consistent demand for higher energies inspired the researchers to search for various possibilities and concentrate on finding suitable schemes to continue their experiments with particles accelerating at higher energies. This book attempted to encourage students, graduate engineers, researchers, and practicing engineers to focus and engage in new directions with an approach to undertake design, applications, and development of power systems for different patterns of load, power electronics, instrumentation, and control engineering. Practicing engineers working on Particle Accelerator projects may find new aspirations for selecting topics for their research and attempt to develop viable techniques for performance improvements. It is expected to find wide readership amongst science and engineering students and the libraries of colleges, universities, and research organizations may retain this book for the benefit of all because the treatment and presentation of engineering analysis of power supplies for magnet excitation has been taken as far as possible to ground level and dealt differently. It tried to show how simple concepts could initiate revolutionary changes in the development of particle accelerators to inculcate how simple ideas can be explored with confidence to realize a dream and how risks are taken in technological designs after considering all the possibilities of hazards and setbacks with the sole objective of improving performance and cost. The effort to describe a few significant practical achievements in the application of specifically designed electrical engineering equipment, power electronics, and engineering systems selected and developed for particle accelerators may be useful for future projects. This book contains adequate figures and tables with special features like practical illustrations and proper explanations. A new format for presentation will attract the readers and they may find this approach simple to understand the process of particle acceleration and their limitations in working with higher energies. The subject has been presented in such a way that it will be useful for countries intending to develop their particle accelerators.