Synthesis Lectures on Power Electronics – serie

Wind energy is now the world's fastest growing energy source. In the past 10 years, the global wind energy capacity has increased rapidly. The installed global wind power capacity has grown to 47.317 GW from about 3.5 GW in 1994. The global wind power industry installed 7976 MW in 2004, an increase in total installed generating capacity of 20%. The phenomenal growth in the wind energy industry can be attributed to the concerns to the environmental issues, and research and development of innovative cost-reducing technologies. Denmark is a leading producer of wind turbines in the world, with an almost 40% share of the total worldwide production. The wind energy industry is a giant contributor to the Danish economy. In Denmark, the 3117 MW (in 2004) wind power is supplied by approximately 5500 wind turbines. Individuals and cooperatives own around 80% of the capacity. Denmark will increase the percentage of energy produced from wind to 25% by 2008, and aims for a 50% wind share of energyproduction by 2025. Wind technology has improved significantly over the past two decades, and almost all of the aspects related to the wind energy technology are still under active research and development. However, this monograph will introduce some basics of the electrical and power electronic aspects involved with modern wind generation systems, including modern power electronics and converters, electric generation and conversion systems for both fixed speed and variable speed systems, control techniques for wind turbines, configurations of wind farms, and the issues of integrating wind turbines into power systems. P

This book links the challenges to which the electricity network is exposed with the range of new technology, methodologies and market mechanisms known under the name "smart grid." The main challenges will be described by the way in which they impact the electricity network: the introduction of renewable electricity production, energy efficiency, the introduction and further opening of the electricity market, increasing demands for reliability and voltage quality, and the growing need for more transport capacity in the grid. Three fundamentally different types of solutions are distinguished in this book: solutions only involving the electricity network (like HVDC and active distribution networks), solutions including the network users but under the control of the network operator (like requirements on production units and curtailment), and fully market-driven solutions (like demand response). An overview is given of the various solutions to the challenges that are possible with new technology; this includes some that are actively discussed elsewhere and others that are somewhat forgotten. Linking the different solutions with the needs of the electricity network, in the light of the various challenges, is a recurring theme in this book. Table of Contents: Introduction / The Challenges / Solutions in the Grid / Participation of Network Users / Market Incentives / Discussion / Conclusions

Although the solar energy industry has experienced rapid growth recently, high-level management of photovoltaic (PV) arrays has remained an open problem. As sensing and monitoring technology continues to improve, there is an opportunity to deploy sensors in PV arrays in order to improve their management. In this book, we examine the potential role of sensing and monitoring technology in a PV context, focusing on the areas of fault detection, topology optimization, and performance evaluation/data visualization. First, several types of commonly occurring PV array faults are considered and detection algorithms are described. Next, the potential for dynamic optimization of an array's topology is discussed, with a focus on mitigation of fault conditions and optimization of power output under non-fault conditions. Finally, monitoring system design considerations such as type and accuracy of measurements, sampling rate, and communication protocols are considered. It is our hope that the benefits of monitoring presented here will be sufficient to offset the small additional cost of a sensing system, and that such systems will become common in the near future. Table of Contents: Introduction / Overview of Photovoltaics / Causes Performance Degradation and Outage / Fault Detection Methods / Array Topology Optimization / Monitoring of PV Systems / Summary

This book presents physics-based models of bipolar power semiconductor devices and their implementation in MATLAB and Simulink. The devices are subdivided into different regions, and the operation in each region, along with the interactions at the interfaces which are analyzed using basic semiconductor physics equations that govern their behavior. The Fourier series solution is used to solve the ambipolar diffusion equation in the lightly doped drift region of the devices. In addition to the external electrical characteristics, internal physical and electrical information, such as the junction voltages and the carrier distribution in different regions of the device, can be obtained using the models.

This book presents the reader, whether an electrical engineering student in power electronics or a design engineer, a selection of power converter control problems and their basic digital solutions, based on the most widespread digital control techniques. The presentation is primarily focused on different applications of the same power converter topology, the half-bridge voltage source inverter, considered both in its single- and three-phase implementation. This is chosen as the test case because, besides being simple and well known, it allows the discussion of a significant spectrum of the most frequently encountered digital control applications in power electronics, from digital pulse width modulation (DPWM) and space vector modulation (SVM), to inverter output current and voltage control, ending with the relatively more complex VSI applications related to the so called smart-grid scenario. This book aims to serve two purposes: (1) to give a basic, introductory knowledge of the digital control techniques applied to power converters; and (2) to raise the interest for discrete time control theory, stimulating new developments in its application to switching power converters.

The world energy demand has been increasing in a rapid manner with the increase of population and rising standard of living. The world population has nearly doubled in the last 40 years from 3.7 billion people to the present 7 billion people. It is anticipated that world population will grow towards 8 billion around 2030. Furthermore, the conventional fossil fuel supplies become unsustainable as the energy demand in emerging big economies such as China and India would rise tremendously where the China will increase its energy demand by 75% and India by 100% in the next 25 years. With dwindling natural resources, many countries throughout the world have increasingly invested in renewable resources such as photovoltaics (PV) and wind. The world has seen immense growth in global photovoltaic power generation over the last few decades. For example, in Australia, renewable resources represented nearly 15% of total power generation in 2013. Among renewable resources, solar and wind account for 38% of generation. In near future, energy in the domestic and industrial sector will become ""ubiquitous"" where consumers would have multiple sources to get their energy. Another such prediction is that co-location of solar and electrical storage will see a rapid growth in global domestic and industrial sectors; conventional power companies, which dominate the electricity market, will face increasing challenges in maintaining their incumbent business models. The efficiency, reliability and cost-effectiveness of the power converters used to interface PV panels to the mains grid and other types of off-grid loads are of major concern in the process of system design. This book describes state-of-the-art power electronic converter topologies used in various PV power conversion schemes. This book aims to provide a reader with a wide variety of topologies applied in different circumstances so that the reader would be able to make an educated choice for a given application.

Wind power penetration is rapidly increasing in today's energy generation industry. In particular, the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) has become a very popular option in wind farms, due to its cost advantage compared with fully rated converter-based systems. Wind farms are frequently located in remote areas, far from the bulk of electric power users, and require long transmission lines to connect to the grid. Series capacitive compensation of DFIG-based wind farm is an economical way to increase the power transfer capability of the transmission line connecting the wind farm to the grid. For example, a study performed by ABB reveals that increasing the power transfer capability of an existing transmission line from 1300 MW to 2000 MW using series compensation is 90% less expensive than building a new transmission line. However, a factor hindering the extensive use of series capacitive compensation is the potential risk of subsynchronous resonance (SSR). The SSR is a condition where the wind farm exchanges energy with the electric network, to which it is connected, at one or more natural frequencies of the electric or mechanical part of the combined system, comprising the wind farm and the network, and the frequency of the exchanged energy is below the fundamental frequency of the system. This oscillatory phenomenon may cause severe damage in the wind farm, if not prevented. Therefore, this book studies the SSR phenomenon in a capacitive series compensated wind farm. A DFIG-based wind farm, which is connected to a series compensated transmission line, is considered as a case study. The book consists of two main parts: Small-signal modeling of DFIG for SSR analysis: This part presents a step-by-step tutorial on modal analysis of a DFIG-based series compensated wind farm using Matlab/Simulink. The model of the system includes wind turbine aerodynamics, a 6th order induction generator, a 2nd order two-mass shaft system, a 4th order series compensated transmissionline, a 4th order rotor-side converter (RSC) controller and a 4th order grid-side converter (GSC) controller, and a 1st order DC-link model. The relevant modes are identified using participation factor analysis. Definition of the SSR in DFIG-based wind farms: This part mainly focuses on the identification and definition of the main types of SSR that occur in DFIG wind farms, namely: (1) induction generator effect (SSIGE), (2) torsional interactions (SSTI), and (3) control interactions (SSCI).

DC-DC converters have many applications in the modern world. They provide the required power to the communication backbones, they are used in digital devices like laptops and cell phones, and they have widespread applications in electric cars, to just name a few.DC-DC converters require negative feedback to provide a suitable output voltage or current for the load. Obtaining a stable output voltage or current in presence of disturbances such as: input voltage changes and/or output load changes seems impossible without some form of control.This book tries to train the art of controller design for DC-DC converters. Chapter 1 introduces the DC-DC converters briefly. It is assumed that the reader has the basic knowledge of DC-DC converter (i.e., a basic course in power electronics).The reader learns the disadvantages of open loop control in Chapter 2. Simulation of DC-DC converters with the aid of Simulink® is discussed in this chapter as well. Extracting the dynamic models of DC-DC converters is studied in Chapter 3. We show how MATLAB® and a software named KUCA can be used to do the cumbersome and error-prone process of modeling automatically. Obtaining the transfer functions using PSIM® is studied as well.These days, softwares are an integral part of engineering sciences. Control engineering is not an exception by any means. Keeping this in mind, we design the controllers using MATLAB® in Chapter 4.Finally, references are provided at the end of each chapter to suggest more information for an interested reader. The intended audiencies for this book are practice engineers and academians.

DC-DC converters require negative feedback to provide a suitable output voltage or current for the load. Obtaining a stable output voltage or current in the presence of disturbances like input voltage changes and/or output load changes seems impossible without some form of control.This book shows how simple controllers such as Proportional-Integral (PI) can turn into a robust controller by correct selection of its parameters. Kharitonov's theorem is an important tool toward this end.This book consist of two parts. The first part shows how one can obtain the interval plant model of a DC-DC converter. The second part introduces the Kharitonov's theorem. Kharitonov's theorem is an analysis tool rather than a design tool. Some case studies show how it can be used as a design tool.The prerequisite for reading this book is a first course on feedback control theory and power electronics.

Computers play an important role in the analyzing and designing of modern DC-DC power converters. This book shows how the widely used analysis techniques of averaging and linearization can be applied to DC-DC converters with the aid of computers. Obtained dynamical equations may then be used for control design.The book is composed of two chapters. Chapter 1 focuses on the extraction of control-to-output transfer function. A second-order converter (a buck converter) and a fourth-order converter (a Zeta converter) are studied as illustrative examples in this chapter. Both ready-to-use software packages, such as PLECS® and MATLAB® programming, are used throught this chapter.The input/output characteristics of DC-DC converters are the object of considerations in Chapter 2. Calculation of input/output impedance is done with the aid of MATLAB® programming in this chapter. The buck, buck-boost, and boost converter are the most popular types of DC-DC converters and used as illustrative examples in this chapter.This book can be a good reference for researchers involved in DC-DC converters dynamics and control.

The efficiency of solar energy farms requires detailed analytics and information on each panel regarding voltage, current, temperature, and irradiance. Monitoring utility-scale solar arrays was shown to minimize the cost of maintenance and help optimize the performance of the photo-voltaic arrays under various conditions. We describe a project that includes development of machine learning and signal processing algorithms along with a solar array testbed for the purpose of PV monitoring and control. The 18kW PV array testbed consists of 104 panels fitted with smart monitoring devices. Each of these devices embeds sensors, wireless transceivers, and relays that enable continuous monitoring, fault detection, and real-time connection topology changes. The facility enables networked data exchanges via the use of wireless data sharing with servers, fusion and control centers, and mobile devices. We develop machine learning and neural network algorithms for fault classification. In addition, we use weather camera data for cloud movement prediction using kernel regression techniques which serves as the input that guides topology reconfiguration. Camera and satellite sensing of skyline features as well as parameter sensing at each panel provides information for fault detection and power output optimization using topology reconfiguration achieved using programmable actuators (relays) in the SMDs. More specifically, a custom neural network algorithm guides the selection among four standardized topologies. Accuracy in fault detection is demonstrate at the level of 90+% and topology optimization provides increase in power by as much as 16% under shading.

This book presents physics-based electro-thermal models of bipolar power semiconductor devices including their packages, and describes their implementation in MATLAB and Simulink. It is a continuation of our first book Modeling of Bipolar Power Semiconductor Devices. The device electrical models are developed by subdividing the devices into different regions and the operations in each region, along with the interactions at the interfaces, are analyzed using the basic semiconductor physics equations that govern device behavior. The Fourier series solution is used to solve the ambipolar diffusion equation in the lightly doped drift region of the devices. In addition to the external electrical characteristics, internal physical and electrical information, such as junction voltages and carrier distribution in different regions of the device, can be obtained using the models. The instantaneous dissipated power, calculated using the electrical device models, serves as input to the thermal model (RC network with constant and nonconstant thermal resistance and thermal heat capacity, or Fourier thermal model) of the entire module or package, which computes the junction temperature of the device. Once an updated junction temperature is calculated, the temperature-dependent semiconductor material parameters are re-calculated and used with the device electrical model in the next time-step of the simulation. The physics-based electro-thermal models can be used for optimizing device and package design and also for validating extracted parameters of the devices. The thermal model can be used alone for monitoring the junction temperature of a power semiconductor device, and the resulting simulation results used as an indicator of the health and reliability of the semiconductor power device.

This book gives a comprehensive and in-depth introduction to the development of active power decoupling technology in single-phase current-source converters. It covers cutting-edge topics such as virtual-impedance control and harmonic state-space modeling and presents topology construction principles, specific decoupling topologies, advanced decoupling controls, and stability analysis. This book will be an invaluable tool for researchers, engineers, and designers in the field of power electronics involved in designing power converters with high power density and reliability.

This book gives a comprehensive and in-depth introduction to the development of active power decoupling technology in single-phase current-source converters. It covers cutting-edge topics such as virtual-impedance control and harmonic state-space modeling and presents topology construction principles, specific decoupling topologies, advanced decoupling controls, and stability analysis. This book will be an invaluable tool for researchers, engineers, and designers in the field of power electronics involved in designing power converters with high power density and reliability.

This book provides a concise introduction to switching strategies for power electronics. It provides an in-depth examination of this one concept giving a newcomer a complete immersive experience which has both the depth that is needed to gain confidence yet is simple to understand. The authors examine the basic operation of power electronic systems from scratch and with the help of simulations, how these systems can be constructed. The approach used treats power electronics similar to puzzles and rather than merely presenting them and describing how they work, explore why they came to have the construction they have, and how they could potentially be modified. The authors make extensive use of simulations, with every theory and every result accompanied by a simulation. All simulations are performed by the free and open source Python programming language and the free and open source circuit simulator Python Power Electronics.

This book provides a concise introduction to switching strategies for power electronics. It provides an in-depth examination of this one concept giving a newcomer a complete immersive experience which has both the depth that is needed to gain confidence yet is simple to understand. The authors examine the basic operation of power electronic systems from scratch and with the help of simulations, how these systems can be constructed. The approach used treats power electronics similar to puzzles and rather than merely presenting them and describing how they work, explore why they came to have the construction they have, and how they could potentially be modified. The authors make extensive use of simulations, with every theory and every result accompanied by a simulation. All simulations are performed by the free and open source Python programming language and the free and open source circuit simulator Python Power Electronics.

High-Robust Control Schemes for Dual-Active-Bridge-Based DC-DC Converter Systems in Renewable Energy Applications is the first book that presents systematic control schemes for multiple DAB-based DC-DC converter systems. The book explores new control methods for various DAB DC-DC converters for high-power applications. These methods include fast-dynamic control, power balance control, soft start-up operation, hot-swap operation, and circuit-parameter estimation. Additionally, the book studies a DAB-based partial power processing DC-DC converter system designed to embed the renewable energy source and the energy storage system for boosting the utilization of components. The book also verifies the dynamic equivalence between the DAB converter and other intermediary inductive AC-link DC-DC converters, which can be helpful in designing control systems for other AC-link-based DC-DC converter systems. This book is a valuable reference for graduate students in electrical engineering, researchers, and power electronics engineers working in manufacturing, renewable energy, and utility industries.

High-Robust Control Schemes for Dual-Active-Bridge-Based DC-DC Converter Systems in Renewable Energy Applications is the first book that presents systematic control schemes for multiple DAB-based DC-DC converter systems. The book explores new control methods for various DAB DC-DC converters for high-power applications. These methods include fast-dynamic control, power balance control, soft start-up operation, hot-swap operation, and circuit-parameter estimation. Additionally, the book studies a DAB-based partial power processing DC-DC converter system designed to embed the renewable energy source and the energy storage system for boosting the utilization of components. The book also verifies the dynamic equivalence between the DAB converter and other intermediary inductive AC-link DC-DC converters, which can be helpful in designing control systems for other AC-link-based DC-DC converter systems. This book is a valuable reference for graduate students in electrical engineering, researchers, and power electronics engineers working in manufacturing, renewable energy, and utility industries.

This book delves into the intricate world of electric drives, offering a comprehensive guide to advanced control strategies. "Control Strategies of Electric Drives" provides readers with an in-depth exploration of Revised Field-Oriented Control (RFOC), Direct Torque Control (DTC), and Direct Power Control (DPC) strategies. Through this book, readers will gain a thorough understanding of these key techniques and their applications in electric drive systems.The chapters cover topics such as Rotor Flux Oriented Control of Three-Phase Induction Motors, Direct Torque Control of Three-Phase Induction Motors, and Direct Power Control Strategies for Three-Phase PWM Rectifiers. The authors, experienced practitioners in the field, present expert analyses and practical insights, making complex concepts accessible through detailed explanations, simulations, and real-world case studies. This book is a must-read for anyone looking to master the nuances of electric drive control strategies.Ideal for electrical engineering students at both undergraduate and master's levels, this book simplifies complex theories while providing practical examples that bridge the gap between academia and industry. Researchers and professionals in power electronics will find it an invaluable resource for advancing their knowledge and expertise.

This book delves into the intricate world of electric drives, offering a comprehensive guide to advanced control strategies. "Control Strategies of Electric Drives" provides readers with an in-depth exploration of Revised Field-Oriented Control (RFOC), Direct Torque Control (DTC), and Direct Power Control (DPC) strategies. Through this book, readers will gain a thorough understanding of these key techniques and their applications in electric drive systems.The chapters cover topics such as Rotor Flux Oriented Control of Three-Phase Induction Motors, Direct Torque Control of Three-Phase Induction Motors, and Direct Power Control Strategies for Three-Phase PWM Rectifiers. The authors, experienced practitioners in the field, present expert analyses and practical insights, making complex concepts accessible through detailed explanations, simulations, and real-world case studies. This book is a must-read for anyone looking to master the nuances of electric drive control strategies.Ideal for electrical engineering students at both undergraduate and master's levels, this book simplifies complex theories while providing practical examples that bridge the gap between academia and industry. Researchers and professionals in power electronics will find it an invaluable resource for advancing their knowledge and expertise.

This book introduces engineering students and practitioners to the theoretical and applied aspects of the optimization of switching modulation techniques in isolated power electronic converters. Recent modifications to the architecture of converter systems require understanding of switching strategies for different types of power converters and how they affect the systems’ performance.This book presents the pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse frequency modulation (PFM), and phase modulation (PM) methodologies in power electronic converters. It then discusses a range of switching techniques for optimal design of various power converters that find applications in transportation electrification, grid-renewables-storage integration, datacenter energy routers, solid state transformers, aerospace, and space. The text emphasizes the synthesis and implementation methodologies during the converter’s development, to help maximize the system’s performance.