Tutorial Texts – serie

Providing an introduction to imaging spectrometers, this text first reviews the required background information in optics, radiometry, imaging, spectral sensing and focal plane arrays, then goes on to discuss the principles of these subjects and apply them to specific problems.

Radiometry is an essential part of the optical design of virtually every optical instrument, and key to many applications. It is also used to measure the radiation of various objects. This tutorial examines both the techniques of calculating radiative transfer and the measurement of fluxes and radiometric properties of various sorts.

An introduction to the subject of contamination control, with specific applications to the aerospace industry. The text examines methods to quantify the cleanliness level required by various contamination-sensitive surfaces and to predict the end-of-life contamination level for those surfaces.

The author has expanded the information found in his practical 1995 tutorial. Achromats are covered in more detail, with an updated discussion of beam expanders. Ball lens, gradient optics, and three mirror configurations have been added to the chapter on Special Optical Surfaces and Components. A new section discusses wave aberrations, with a comparison of the spherical aberration to the Seidel coefficient. A new chapter on thermal effects examines the design of athermats-lenses that compensate for undesired results caused by temperature excursions. Also new is an application and summary chapter, Design Examples. As diamond turning is especially suitable for producing aspheres and diffractive infrared elements, a chapter has been added describing this method of manufacture.

This work explains antenna theory and operation and is intended for students, engineers, and researchers. The material is presented in a modular format, covering the history and important advancements in antenna design and application, use of antennas in various systems such as communication, remote sensing, radar, and biomedicine; and the fundamentals of evaluation, including radiation pattern, directivity, gain, bandwidth, and polarization. Basic wire antennas and array antennas are described in detail and other types are introduced, including reflectors, lenses, horns, microstrip, Yagi, and frequency-independent antennas. Integration of antenna and detector systems and resulting technical challenges are also covered.

Many applications today require the Fourier-transform (FT) spectrometer to perform close to its limitations, one of the objectives of this book is to help the user identify the instrument's bottleneck.

This work is based on a series of short courses in diffractive optics which provided basic theory on diffractive optics and then allowed participants to progress through a series of exercises on the design, fabrication, and testing of diffractive optical elements (DOEs).

Here for the first time is an integrated mathematical view of the physics and numerical modeling of optical projection lithography that efficiently covers the full spectrum of the important concepts. Alfred Wong offers rigorous underpinning, clarity in systematic formulation, physical insight into emerging ideas, as well as a system level view of the parameter tolerances required in manufacturing. Readers with a good working knowledge of calculus can follow the step-by-step development, and technologists can gather general concepts and the key equations that result. Even the casual reader will gain a perspective on the key concepts, which will likely help facilitate dialog among technologists.

This book provides a comprehensive account of the theory of image formation in a confocal fluorescence microscope as well as a practical guideline to the operation of the instrument, its limitations, and the interpretation of confocal microscopy data. The appendices provide a quick reference to optical theory, microscopy-related formulas and definitions, and Fourier theory.

This tutorial text provides an introduction to the subject of radiation thermometry, focusing on sources of measurement error and giving advice on methods for minimizing or eliminating these errors. Topics covered herein include: blackbody radiation, emissivity, reflection errors, and atmospheric absorption and emission; commonly used radiation thermometer types; uncertainty calculation; and procedures for in-house calibration of radiation thermometers. Included is a chapter containing detailed measurement examples for a variety of furnace types and operating conditions found in the methanol, ammonia, and refining industries.

Many items we use in our daily lives - the traffic signals, motion sensors, fingerprint readers, cell phone cameras, bar code scanners, and DVD players - rely upon plastic optical systems to perform. Consequently, there is a growing need for individuals who are knowledgeable in the design, development, and production of such systems. This book provides an overview of the design of plastic optical systems and is structured along the lines of a typical development project. Following a brief background discussion, the advantages and disadvantages of plastic optics are considered. Next, the available materials and their properties are described, as well as the issues of material selection and specification. Various manufacturing methods are reviewed, followed by a chapter on design guidelines, leading into several design examples. Following the examples, the prototyping and testing of a design is covered. Finally, bringing the design to production is discussed. Several groups will benefit from the material presented, including optical engineers, technical managers, and engineers of other disciplines who need to design and develop plastic optical systems but lack the knowledge or training to do so. With the help of this book, readers should understand the benefits and limitations of plastic optical systems and be able to determine if this technology is appropriate for their applications. They will have the basic knowledge to undertake the design of these systems, should they choose to do so themselves, or they will be able to have the appropriate conversations with the individuals or companies they ask to perform the work.

This classic tutorial text provides a basic understanding of many fundamental optical principles. The second edition has been updated to reflect the development of electronic sensors, as well as the advent of mainstream consumer optical products. Chapters also emphasize the application of state-of-the-art computer software to generate solutions to related lens design and optimization problems. This is an ideal textbook for introductory courses at advanced high school and college levels. For those who proceed to work in the field of optical engineering, this book will provide a convenient source of valuable, basic reference material.

Ten years after publication of ""Infrared Optics and Zoom Lenses"", this text is still the only current publication devoted exclusively to infrared zoom lenses. This updated second edition includes 18 new refractive and reflective infrared zoom systems, bringing the total number of infrared zoom optical systems to 41 systems. Other additions include a section for focal plane arrays and a new closing chapter specifically devoted to applications of infrared zoom lenses. The wavelength region has been expanded to include the near infrared. Additional topics include the importance of principal planes, athermalization by means of computer glass substitution, and global optimization of zoom lenses.

This text is designed to introduce engineers-in-training to the basic concepts and operation of 3D imaging LADAR systems. The book covers laser range equations; sources of noise in LADAR signals; LADAR waveforms; the effects of wavefront propagation on LADAR beams through optical systems and atmospheric turbulence; algorithms for detecting, ranging, and tracking targets; and comprehensive system simulation. Computer code for accomplishing the many examples appearing throughout the text is provided. Exercises appear at the end of each chapter, allowing students to apply concepts studied throughout the text to fundamental problems encountered by LADAR engineers. Also included is a CD-ROM with the MATLAB code from the examples.

Computational Fourier Optics is a text that shows the reader in a tutorial form how to implement Fourier optical theory and analytic methods on the computer. A primary objective is to give students of Fourier optics the capability of programming their own basic wave optic beam propagations and imaging simulations. The book will also be of interest to professional engineers and physicists learning Fourier optics simulation techniques-either as a self-study text or a text for a short course. For more advanced study, the latter chapters and appendices provide methods and examples for modelling beams and pupil functions with more complicated structure, aberrations, and partial coherence. For a student in a course on Fourier optics, this book is a concise, accessible, and practical companion to any of several excellent textbooks on Fourier optical theory.

This book provides a clear, concise, and consistent exposition of what aberrations are, how they arise in optical imaging systems, and how they affect the quality of images formed by them. The emphasis of the book is on physical insight, problem solving, and numerical results, and the text is intended for engineers and scientists who have a need and a desire for a deeper and better understanding of aberrations and their role in optical imaging and wave propagation. Some knowledge of Gaussian optics and an appreciation for aberrations would be useful but is not required. The second edition of Aberration Theory Made Simple features an updated Cartesian sign convention, which is used in advanced books on geometrical optics and in optical design software. New topics include centroid and standard deviation of ray aberrations, spot diagrams for primary aberrations, the golden rule of optical design about relying on such diagrams, update of 2D PSFs for primary aberrations, aberration-free optical transfer function of systems with annular and Gaussian pupils, Zernike polynomials for circular, annular, and Gaussian pupils, effect of longitudinal image motion on an image, lucky imaging in ground-based astronomy, and adaptive optics.

This book supplements the available literature on diffractive optic elements (DOEs) by equipping readers with the skills to begin designing, simulating, and fabricating diffractive optics. The design of DOEs using MATLAB is presented with simple equations and step-by-step procedures for simulation—from the simplest 1D grating to the more complex multifunctional DOEs—along with analysis of their diffraction patterns. The fundamentals of fabrication techniques such as photolithography and focused ion beam lithography are presented with basic instructions for the beginner. Examples of error analysis and error-correction techniques are also discussed. The material is supported by practical exercises and clearly commented MATLAB codes (the codes are also on an accompanying CD), making this book useful even to a novice programmer.

Optics Using MATLAB® provides a functional overview of the development of MATLAB code that can be used to enhance and increase one’s understanding of optics though the use of visualization tools. The book ties a variety of optical topics to MATLAB programming activities and can act as a supplement to other textbooks or can stand alone. Part I focuses on a wide range of basic programming fundamentals using MATLAB and includes such topics as curve fitting, image processing, and file storage. Part II provides a review of selected topics in optics and demonstrates how these can be explored using MATLAB scripts. Part III discusses how to use MATLAB to improve the usability of custom programs through graphical user interfaces and incorporation of other programming languages. Those who need flexibility and special calculations in their optical design or optical engineering work will find value in the book’s explanations and examples of user-programmable software.

Low-level light therapy (or photobiomodulation therapy) is a rapidly growing approach to treating a wide range of diseases and disorders that afflict humanity. This Tutorial Text covers the basic molecular and cellular mechanisms of action, applications for treating diseases in animal models, and its use in clinical trials and therapeutic practice in patients. Other topics include the two basic chromophores and how they trigger the signaling pathways, activation of transcription factors, and mobilization of stem cells; how the light-source design and the relevant energy parameters can affect the outcome of therapy; and the physics and tissue-optics principles that concern LLLT.

Lock-in amplifiers are key devices in numerous instruments used in the optical sciences or in optical equipment in the industry. In many experimental configurations, they represent the means to reliably detect and record small signals. The purpose of this text is to provide a step-by-step introduction to this technique. The first part explains how modulation is used to extract a signal from noise and describes different types of modulation. The focus shifts from electronics to optics in the second part, which covers lock-in amplifier applications in optical instruments. The book is intended for readers who want to better understand instruments and experiments based on lock-in detection and/or to design (and perform) new experiments in which lock-in amplifiers are applied.

Practical Optical Dimensional Metrology provides basic explanations of the operation and application of the most common methods in the field and in commercial use. The first half of the book presents a working knowledge of the mechanism and limitations of optical dimensional measurement methods that use: light level changes, two-dimensional imaging, triangulation, structured-light patterns, interference patterns, optical focus, light characteristics such as polarization, and hybrid methods with mechanical or other measurement tools. The book concludes with a series of manufacturing application examples that look at measurements from the centimeter range down to the nanometer range.

This second edition introduces the theory and applications of the modulation transfer function (MTF), used to specify the image quality achieved by an imaging system. It starts with the relationship between impulse response and transfer function, and the implications of a convolutional representation of the imaging process. Optical systems are considered first, including effects of diffraction and aberrations on the image, with attention to aperture and field dependences. Then electro-optical systems with focal-plane arrays are considered, with an expanded discussion of image-quality aspects unique to these systems, including finite sensor size, shift invariance, sampling MTF, aliasing artifacts, crosstalk and electronics noise. Various test configurations are then compared in detail, considering the advantages and disadvantages of point-response, line-response and edge-response measurements. The impact of finite source size on the measurement data, and its correction, are discussed. An expanded discussion of the practical aspects of the tilted-knife-edge test is presented. New chapters are included on speckle-based and transparency-based noise targets, and square-wave and bar-target measurements. A range of practical measurement issues are then considered, including mitigation of source coherence, combining MTF measurements of separate subsystems, quality requirements of auxiliary optics, and low-frequency normalization. Some generic measurementinstrument designs are compared, and the book closes with a brief consideration of MTF impacts of motion, vibration, turbulence, and aerosol scattering.

This handbook introduces speckle techniques to nonspecialists to help them understand the basic principles of speckle interferometry. The book mainly focuses on the use of speckle patterns with direct phase-measuring methods that produce an instantaneous phase. The major electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) techniques are presented using simplified mathematical notation that includes rigid-body and standard-body displacements to estimate object pose changes with six degrees of freedom. Additionally, the adoption of temporal phase unwrapping instead of spatial phase unwrapping is promoted. This handbook also includes a summary of recent industrial applications, with an update on current research in the ESPI field.

This tutorial is written to help engineers tasked with designing illumination optics determine where to start, which methods and approaches to use, and how to gain insight into the nature of the problem at hand. Good illumination design uses patterns from both non-imaging optics (such as compound parabolic concentrators) and imaging optics (such as lenses), often in combination, to produce optimal solutions. These chapters provide readers with a toolbox consisting of a coherent theoretical background, a description of important optical elements and their function, and several design methods. Typical examples are described to illustrate how an experienced optical designer approaches problems, plays with concepts, and arrives at solutions.

This book introduces engineering students and practitioners to the tools and insights for pursuing first-order system design in the areas of imaging, lidar, LADAR, and communications. Today's gig employment philosophy requires the hired engineer to contribute immediately; there is no time for a long learning curve. This book provides validated analytical models, including the supporting data in some cases, so that an engineer can quickly succeed in system development for several selected application areas. Much of the information presented can be leveraged for other FSEO applications that are not covered. Various aspects of normally encountered channel effects and how to model them with equations validated by field experiments are described. Signal-plus-noise and target-or-clutter (replacement model) detection theories are also discussed and analyzed. Finally, problems are included to help solidify the material covered, and selected sets of data comparisons are provided to give engineers a feel for the numbers and the magnitude of the various degradations.