Advances in Biorefineries

Keith Waldron is Research Leader and Director of the NRP Biorefinery Centre at the Institute of Food Research, UK.

• Contributor contact detailsWoodhead Publishing Series in EnergyForewordPrefacePart I: Development and optimisation of biorefining processes 1. Green chemistry, biorefineries and second generation strategies for re-use of waste: an overview Abstract:1.1 Introduction1.2 Introduction to biorefineries1.3 New renewable feedstocks1.4 Conclusion and future trends1.5 Sources of further information and advice1.6 References2. Techno-economic assessment (TEA) of advanced biochemical and thermochemical biorefineries Abstract:2.1 Introduction2.2 Biorefinery economic assessment2.3 Trade of biomass and subsidies2.4 Market establishment: national/regional facilities2.5 Conclusion and future trends2.6 References3. Environmental and sustainability assessment of biorefineries Abstract:3.1 Introduction3.2 Methodological foundations of environmental and sustainability assessment of technologies3.3 Life cycle assessment (LCA) for biorefineries3.4 Sustainability issues: synopsis of results from assessment of economic and social aspects3.5 Conclusion and future trends3.6 References4. Biorefinery plant design, engineering and process optimisation Abstract:4.1 Introduction4.2 Microalgae biomass for biorefinery systems4.3 Planning, design and development of biorefinery systems4.4 Case study: a second generation lignocellulosic biorefinery (Inbicon® Biorefinery)4.5 Upgrading biorefinery operations4.6 Optimising biorefinery processes using process analysis4.7 Conclusion and future trends4.8 References5. Current and emerging separations technologies in biorefining Abstract:5.1 Introduction5.2 Separations technologies5.3 Removal of impurities from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate liquor for production of cellulosic sugars5.4 Glycerin desalting as a value added co-product from biodiesel production5.5 Succinic acid production5.6 Solvent extraction: the example of recovery of value added proteins from distiller’s grains and solubles (DGS)5.7 Biofuels recovery by solvent extraction in an ionic liquid assisted membrane contactor5.8 Emerging trends in separations technology for advanced biofuels5.9 Performance indices5.10 Conclusion5.11 Acknowledgements5.12 References6. Catalytic processes and catalyst development in biorefining Abstract:6.1 Introduction6.2 Catalysts for depolymerization of biomass6.3 Catalysts for biomass products upgrading6.4 Conclusion and future trends6.5 References7. Enzymatic processes and enzyme development in biorefining Abstract:7.1 Introduction7.2 Biochemical conversion7.3 Development of enzyme technology and techniques7.4 Optimizing enzymes7.5 Benchmarking enzymes and enzymatic conversion processes7.6 Advantages and limitations of techniques7.7 Conclusion and future trends7.8 Sources of further information and advice7.9 References8. Biomass pretreatment for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) Abstract:8.1 Introduction8.2 Process configurations for biofuel production8.3 Models for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP)8.4 Microorganisms, enzyme systems, and bioenergetics of CBP8.5 Organism development8.6 Conclusion8.7 References9. Developments in bioethanol fuel-focused biorefineries Abstract:9.1 Introduction9.2 Ethanol biorefineries9.3 The lignocellulose to ethanol process9.4 Design options for biorefining processes9.5 Process intensification: increasing the dry-matter content9.6 Different types of ethanol biorefineries9.7 Future trends9.8 Conclusion9.9 Sources of further information and advice9.10 References10. Developments in cereal-based biorefineries Abstract:10.1 Introduction10.2 Wheat-based biorefineries10.3 Fuel ethanol production from wheat10.4 Succinic acid production from wheat10.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production from wheat10.6 Utilization of wheat straw10.7 Conclusion and future trends10.8 Sources of further information and advice10.9 Acknowledgements10.10 References11. Developments in grass-/forage-based biorefineries Abstract:11.1 Introduction11.2 Overview of grass-/forage-based biorefineries11.3 Field to biorefinery – impact of herbage chemical composition11.4 Green biorefinery products11.5 Acknowledgements11.6 References12. Developments in glycerol byproduct-based biorefineries Abstract:12.1 Introduction12.2 Composition and purification of glycerol produced from biodiesel12.3 Applications of glycerol in the fuel sector12.4 Glycerol as raw material for the chemical industry12.5 Conclusions and future trends12.6 Sources of further information12.7 References Part II: Biofuels and other added value products from biorefineries 13. Improving the use of liquid biofuels in internal combustion engines Abstract:13.1 Introduction13.2 Competing fuels and energy carriers13.3 Market penetration of liquid biofuels13.4 Use of liquid biofuels in internal combustion engines13.5 Vehicle and blending technologies for alcohol fuels and gasoline13.6 Future provision of renewable liquid fuels13.7 Conclusion13.8 Acknowledgements13.9 References and further reading13.10 Appendix: List of abbreviations14. Biodiesel and renewable diesel production methods Abstract:14.1 Introduction14.2 Overview of biodiesel and renewable diesel14.3 Renewable diesel production routes14.4 Biodiesel production routes14.5 Traditional and emerging feedstocks14.6 Feedstock quality issues14.7 Advantages and limitations of biodiesel14.8 Conclusion and future trends14.9 Sources of further information and advice14.10 References15. Biomethane and biohydrogen production via anaerobic digestion/fermentation Abstract:15.1 Introduction15.2 Basic principles of biogas and hydrogen production15.3 Biogas and biohydrogen production: technological aspects15.4 Production of biogas (methane) and biohydrogen from different feedstocks15.5 Current status and limitations15.6 Future trends15.7 Sources of further information and advice15.8 References16. The production and application of biochar in soils Abstract:6.1 Introduction16.2 Effects of application of biochar to soil16.3 Agricultural uses of biochar6.4 Production of biochar16.5 Larger-scale commercial production of biochar16.6 Testing biochar properties16.7 Markets and uses for biochar16.8 Conclusion and future trends16.9 References6.10 Appendix: IBI; Standardized product definition and product testing guidelines for biochar used in soil17. Development, properties and applications of high-performance biolubricants Abstract:17.1 Introduction17.2 Markets for lubricants17.3 Biolubricant performance requirements17.4 Applications of biolubricants17.5 Feedstocks for biolubricants: key properties17.6 Chemical modifications of biolubricant feedstocks17.7 Future trends17.8 Conclusion17.9 Acknowledgements17.10 References18. Bio-based nutraceuticals from biorefining Abstract:18.1 Introduction18.2 Lipid-based nutraceuticals18.3 Protein and peptide-based nutraceuticals18.4 Carbohydrate-based nutraceuticals18.5 Other nutraceuticals18.6 Conclusion and future trends18.7 References19. Bio-based chemicals from biorefining: carbohydrate conversion and utilisation Abstract:19.1 Introduction19.2 Sustainable carbohydrate sources19.3 Chemical hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars19.4 Types and properties of carbohydrate-based chemicals19.5 Routes to market for bio-based feedstocks19.6 Conclusion and future trends19.7 Sources of further information and advice19.8 References20. Bio-based chemicals from biorefining: lignin conversion and utilisation Abstract:20.1 Introduction20.2 Structure and properties of lignin20.3 Traditional processes for the production of lignin20.4 Emerging processes for the production of lignin20.5 Applications of lignin and lignin-based products: an overview20.6 Future trends20.7 Sources of further information and advice20.8 References21. Bio-based chemicals from biorefining: lipid and wax conversion and utilization Abstract:21.1 Introduction21.2 Types and properties of lipids and waxes21.3 Sources of lipids and waxes21.4 Methods to extract and analyze lipids and waxes21.5 Utilization of lipids and waxes21.6 Conclusion and future trends21.7 References22. Bio-based chemicals from biorefining: protein conversion and utilisation Abstract:22.1 Introduction22.2 Protein and amino acid sources derived from biofuel production22.3 Protein isolation, hydrolysis and isolation of amino acid chemical feedstocks22.4 (Bio)chemical conversion of amino acids to platform and speciality chemicals22.5 Alternative and novel feedstocks and production routes22.6 Conclusion and future trends22.7 References23. Types, processing and properties of bioadhesives for wood and fibers Abstract:23.1 Introduction23.2 Tannin adhesives23.3 Lignin adhesives23.4 Mixed tannin-lignin adhesives23.5 Protein adhesives23.6 Carbohydrate adhesives23.7 Unsaturated oil adhesives23.8 Wood welding without adhesives23.9 Conclusion and future trends23.10 References24. Types, properties and processing of bio-based animal feed Abstract:24.1 Introduction24.2 Background24.3 Types and properties of bio-based feed ingredients24.4 Impact of processing technology on co-product quality24.5 Improving feedstocks, processes and yields24.6 Regulatory issues24.7 Future trends24.8 Sources of further information and advice24.9 References25. The use of biomass to produce bio-based composites and building materials Abstract:25.1 Introduction25.2 Fibrous plants25.3 Fiber types and isolation25.6 Improving performance properties25.7 Conclusion and future trends25.8 Sources of further information and advice25.9 References26. The use of biomass for packaging films and coatings Abstract:26.1 Introduction26.2 Components of packaging films and coatings from the biomass26.3 Processes for producing bio-based films26.4 Processes for producing edible coatings26.5 Products from biomass as film and/or coating matrices26.6 Products from biomass as film plasticizers26.7 Products from biomass as crosslinking agents for packaging materials26.8 Products from biomass as reinforcements for packaging materials26.9 Future trends26.10 Conclusion26.11 Acknowledgements26.12 References Index