Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat

I joined GRID-Arendal as Managing Director in 2014. I am a native of the USA, citizen of Australia and resident of Norway; I describe myself as a “professional foreigner”. I am a graduate of the University of Washington (Seattle USA), completed a PhD at the University of Wales (Swansea UK), married an Australian and have 3 children. I have worked in the field of marine geology and science management for over 30 years and published over 100 scientific papers. I taught marine geology at the University of Sydney and conducted research on UK estuaries, the Great Barrier Reef, the Fly River Delta (Papua New Guinea) and Antarctica. I worked for 20 years for Australia’s national geoscience agency as a scientist and manager. In 2009 I was appointed a member of the group of experts for the United Nations World Ocean Assessment. Apart from managing all of GRID-Arendal’s amazing activities, my interests include new methods for the conduct of environmental assessments (the expert elicitation method) and the use of multivariate statistics and geomorphology to provide tools to manage the global ocean environment. I also enjoy sailing and playing the bagpipes. Elaine holds the inaugural UNESCO Chair in Marine Science at the University of Sydney and is the Director of the University's Marine Studies Institute. Professor Baker is also the Director of the GRID-Arendal office (an official collaborating centre of UNEP) at the University.Elaine is interested in making real world impact – taking the ideas and inspiration of the university beyond academia to help solve some of our biggest problems. She has worked on developing policy recommendations to deal with the growing burden of waste, how to make waste-water pay its own way, how to change the face of mining so it includes people and the planet alongside profit and why our coastal ecosystems are worth more alive than dead. Over the last 10 years Elaine has been working with partners in Australia and Norway on a project that is redrawing the map of the world – to date assisting more than 60 developing coastal states in their efforts to prepare submissions to the United Nations, for what is known as extended continental shelf. This process, when complete, will establish the outer limits of marine jurisdiction for eligible coastal states, helping to finalise global maritime boundaries. A recent milestone in the project was the joint submission for extended continental shelf made by seven West African coastal states. Mauritania, Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Cabo Verde and Sierra Leone joined together in an historic collaboration, to make a single submission for a large area of marine territory.In the Pacific Professor Baker is a co-founder of the Pacific Maritime Boundaries collaboration, which includes the University of Sydney, GRID- Arendal, SOPAC/SPC, Geoscience Australia, the Pacific Forum Fisheries Association, the Australian Attorney Generals Department, the Commonwealth Secretariat and 14 Pacific Islands States. Since 2008 scientific, technical and diplomatic personnel have been meeting twice a year at the University to prepare claims for extended continental shelf under article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and more recently to negotiate and prepare national legislation for shared maritime boundaries.The boundaries projects, known collectively as the Shelf Programme, is building on these successes to develop other initiatives that support sustainable livilihoods along side good ocean governance.

• Part I Introduction Chapter 1: Why map benthic habitats? Peter T. Harris and Elaine K. BakerChapter 2: Habitat mapping and marine management Elaine K. Baker and Peter T. HarrisChapter 3: Anthropogenic threats to benthic habitats Peter T. HarrisChapter 4: Biogeography, benthic ecology and habitat classification schemes Peter T. HarrisChapter 5: Surrogacy Peter T. HarrisChapter 6: Seafloor geomorphology—coast, shelf, and abyssPeter T. HarrisPart II Case studies Chapter 7: Characterization of worm reefs (Sabellaria vulgaris) in Delaware Bay, United StatesStephanie M. Dohner, Caitlin L. Stockwell, Douglas C. Miller and Arthur C. TrembanisChapter 8: Benthic habitat mapping in a shallow tropical bay: the Itaparica channel_eastern Brazil Paloma P. Avena, Jose´ M.L. Dominguez and Ivan Cardoso Lemos JuniorChapter 9: Seafloor morphology and habitats of tidal channels in the Venice Lagoon, Italy tidal channel habitats Fantina Madricardo, Giacomo Montereale-Gavazzi, Marco Sigovini, Aleksandra Kruss, Carlotta Toso and Federica FogliniChapter 10: An integrated seafloor habitat map to inform marine spatial planning and management: a case study from Long Island Sound (Northwest Atlantic)Roman N. Zajac, Lauren M. Stefaniak, Ivar Babb, Christian W. Conroy, Shannon Penna, Deena Chadi and Peter J. AusterChapter 11: Epibenthic marine habitat mapping in a tropical bay: Todos osSantos Bay, Eastern BrazilRenato Guimara˜es de Oliveira, Jose´ Maria Landim Dominguez, Ivan Cardoso Lemos Junior and Carla Maria Menegola da SilvaChapter 12: Physical oceanographic drivers of geomorphology of rhodolith/maerl beds in Galway Bay, Ireland Siddhi Joshi and Eugene FarrellChapter 13: Seabed habitats of the Bay of Fundy, Atlantic CanadaBrian J. Todd, Craig J. Brown, Brittany Curtis, Stephane Kirchhoff, Myriam Lacharite´, Jessica A. Sameoto and Ian ChurchChapter 14: A dynamic bedforms habitat for the forage fish Pacific sand lance, San Juan Islands, WA, United States H. Gary Greene, Matthew Baker and John AschoffChapter 15: The eastern Gulf of Finland—brackish water estuary under natural conditions and anthropogenic stressDaria Ryabchuk, Marina Orlova, Anu Kaskela, Aarno Kotilainen, Alexander Sergeev, Leontina Sukhacheva, Vladimir Zhamoida, Leonid Budanov and Igor NeevinChapter 16: Geomorphic features and benthic habitats of a subarctic fjard: Okak Bay, Nunatsiavut, LabradorMallory Carpenter, Tanya M Brown, Trevor Bell, Andre´ Martel and Evan EdingerChapter 17: Sponge reefs on the Northeast Pacific margin: geomorphic and biological variability Kim W. Conway, A. Dunham, L.A. Burke, S.K. Archer, J. Shaw and R. KungChapter 18: Habitat mapping in the fjords of the Chilean Patagonia using an autonomous underwater vehicleK.L. Boswarva, J.A. Howe, R. Obando, C. Fox, B.E. Narayanaswamy, V. Häussermann and C. AbernethyChapter 19: The inland deep sea—benthic biotopes in the Sognefjord Lene Buhl-Mortensen, Pål Buhl-Mortensen, Henrik Glenner, Ulf Båmstedt and Kjell BakkeplassChapter 20: Geomorphology, benthos, and habitats in the Primeiras and Segundas Environmental Protected Area, Mozambique Luisa Teixeira, Martin Nilsson, Aure´lie Shapiro and Lara Cristina MuavesChapter 21: Distribution of seagrass communities north of Barcelona,Northwestern Mediterranean Sea M. Canals, D. Amblas, X. Rayo, J. Romero and J. YllaChapter 22: Inner shelf habitat surrounding the Kapiti Marine Reserve, New Zealand Geoffroy Lamarche, Alix Laferriere, Shane Geange, Jonathan Gardner and Arne PallentinChapter 23: Marine landscapes and habitats of Cilento Geopark (Italy)—linking geo- and biodiversity using a multiscalar approach Silvana D’Angelo, Floriana Di Stefano, Andrea Fiorentino, Maria Teresa Lettieri, Giovanni Fulvio Russo and Crescenzo ViolanteChapter 24: Fine-scale seabed habitats off Capri Island, southern ItalyC. Violante, M. De Lauro and E. EspositoChapter 25: Winnowed gravel lag deposits between sandbanks in the German North Sea Svenja Papenmeier, Daphnie Galvez, Carmen-Pia Günther, Roland Pesch, Claudia Propp, H. Christian Hass, Bastian Schuchardt and Manfred ZeilerChapter 26: Benthic community structure at a remote temperate rocky reef in the Gulf of Maine, Cashes Ledge Jay Calvert and Chris McGonigleChapter 27: Continental shelf habitats off a large South American metropolis: Salvador City, Eastern Brazil Renata C. Rebouc¸as, Jose´ M.L. Dominguez, Paloma P. Avena, Alina S. Nunes and Lizandra C. MeloChapter 28: Temperate rocky reef on the southeast Australian continental shelf ...487T. Ingleton, J. Neilson, P. Davies, E. Foulsham, M. Linklater, D. Hanslow and A. JordanChapter 29: Geomorphology and microhabitats of large, isolated, immobile bedforms in the Great South Channel, Northwest Atlantic OceanMassimo Di Stefano and Larry Alan MayerChapter 30: Submerged reefs in the Abrolhos Shelf: morphology and habitatdistributionLucas C. Ferreira, Alex C. Bastos, Gilberto M. Amado Filho, In memorian, Marcos Daniel A. Leite, Geandre´ C. Boni, Fernando C. Moraes, Ne´lio Secchin, Laura S. Vieira, Ricardo Bahia, Natacha Oliveira, Vale´ria S. Quaresma and Rodrigo L. MouraChapter 31: Coral reefs in Fatu Huku Island, Marquesas Archipelago, French Polynesia Antoine Collin, Jean Laporte, Benjamin Koetz, Franc¸ois-Re´gis Martin-Lauzer and Yves-Louis DesnosChapter 32: Carbonate banks and terraces of the Oceanic Shoals Marine Park region, Northern Australia Rachel Przeslawski, Scott Nichol, Belinda Alvarez, Andrew Carroll, Chris Glasby, Kim Picard and Radford BenChapter 33: Reefs distribution and inter reef sedimentation on Tamandare´ continental shelf, Northeast Brazil Vanessa C. Fontes, Moab Praxedes Gomes, Helenice Vital, Beatrice P. Ferreira and Mauro MaidaChapter 34: Nature and condition of outer shelf habitats on the drowned Ac¸u Reef, Northeast Brazil M.P. Gomes, H. Vital, L.L. Nascimento Silva, P.B. Eichler, D. Rovira and G.O. LongoChapter 35: Seabed character and associated habitats of an equatorial tropical shelf: the Rio Grande do Norte Shelf, Northeast BrazilHelenice Vital, Tatiana Silva Leite, Marina Gomes Viana, Patrícia Pinheiro Beck Eichler, Dieˆgo de Oliveira Batista, Moab Praxedes Gomes, Joa˜o Paulo Ferreira da Silva, Andre´ Giskard Aquino da Silva and Simone Nunes Branda˜oChapter 36: Characterizing benthic habitats in two Marine Protected Areason the West Florida ShelfJennifer L. Brizzolara, Sarah E. Grasty, Alex R. Ilich, John W. Gray, David F. Naar and Steven A. MurawskiChapter 37: Substrate mapping to inform ecosystem science and marine spatial planning around the main Hawaiian IslandsD. Dove, M. Weijerman, A. Grüss, T. Acoba and J.R. SmithChapter 38: Dropstones on a glaciated continental shelf as key habitat, Sabrina Shelf, East AntarcticaAlexandra L. Post, Caroline Lavoie, Eugene W. Domack, Amy Leventer and Rodrigo FernandezChapter 39: Geomorphological and habitat mapping of the glaciated shelf (the Velikaya Salma Strait of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea, Russia) Ya.E. Terekhina, A.A. Barymova, A.I. Isachenko, A.I. Kokorin, V.V. Kozlovskiy, P.G. Mikhaylyukova, V.O. Mokievsky, T.Yu. Repkina, A.E. Rybalko, M.Yu. Tokarev and N.V. ShabalynChapter 40: Seafloor geomorphology and benthic habitat of the German Bank glaciated shelf, Atlantic CanadaCraig J. Brown, Brian J. Todd, Stephen J. Smith and Jessica A. SameotoChapter 41: Geomorphic features and benthos in a deep glacial trough in Atlantic CanadaMyriam Lacharite´, Craig J. Brown, Alexandre Normandeau and Brian J. ToddChapter 42: Submarine sedimentary bedforms and benthos surrounding the Heard and McDonald Islands World Heritage site Sally J. Watson, Vanessa Lucieer, Joanne Whittaker, Jodi M. Fox, Nicole Hill and Millard F. CoffinChapter 43: Geomorphic features and associated habitats of the Patagonian Continental Margin, southwestern AtlanticDulce Mata, Araceli Muñoz, Lourdes Viscasillas and Diego VarasChapter 44: Fine-scale habitat characterization of The Gully, the Flemish Cap, and the Orphan Knoll, Northwest Atlantic, with a focus on cold-water corals Vincent Lecours, Luka´ˇs Ga´bor, Evan Edinger and Rodolphe DevillersChapter 45: Characterization of the geomorphology and biotopes of the Ha´fadju´p canyon system, south IcelandDavíð Þo´r O´ðinsson, Steinunn H. O´lafsdo´ttir and Julian M. BurgosChapter 46: Continental shelf, canyons and pockmark fields in the southeastern Bay of BiscayIbon Galparsoro, Iñigo Muxika, Joxe Mikel Garmendia and Jose´ Germa´n RodríguezChapter 47: The geomorphology and biology of a submarine canyon system incising Ireland’s shelf edge in the Northeast Atlantic OceanD. O’Sullivan, Y. Leahy, J. Guinan, R. Ross, F. Sacchetti, Kerry Howell, David Lyons and Leonie O’DowdChapter 48: Tricase Submarine Canyon: cold-water coral habitats in the southwesternmost Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea) Mariacristina Prampolini, Lorenzo Angeletti, Valentina Grande, Marco Taviani and Federica FogliniChapter 49: Cold-water coral habitat in the Bari Canyon System, Southern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea) Lorenzo Angeletti, Mariacristina Prampolini, Federica Foglini, Valentina Grande and Marco TavianiChapter 50: Benthic habitats of a mud volcano associated with the Queen Charlotte transform margin along northern British Columbia, Canada and Southern Alaska, United States J. Vaughn Barrie, H. Gary Greene and Kim W. ConwayChapter 51: Geomorphic features, main habitats and associated biota on and around the newly formed Tagoro submarine volcano, Canary IslandsAna Sotomayor-Garcia, Jose´ L. Rueda, Olga Sa´nchez-Guillamo´n, Juan T. Va´zquez, Desire´e Palomino, Luis M. Ferna´ndez-Salas, Nieves Lo´pez-Gonza´lez, Marcos Gonza´lez-Porto, Javier Urra, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Melchor Gonza´lez-Da´vila and Eugenio Fraile-NuezChapter 52: Habitat distribution and associated biota in different geomorphic features within a fluid venting area of the Gulf of Ca´diz (Southwestern Iberian Peninsula, Northeast Atlantic Ocean) Pablo Lozano, Jose´ L. Rueda, Marina Gallardo-Nu´ñez, Carlos Farias, Javier Urra, Yolanda Vila, Nieves Lo´pez-Gonza´lez, Desire´e Palomino, Olga Sa´nchez-Guillamo´n, Juan T. Va´zquez and Luis M. Ferna´ndez-SalasChapter 53: New evidence to support the distribution of dense hydrocoral_sponge communities along George V slope, East AntarcticaJ. Smith, Alexandra L. Post, P.E. O’Brien and M.J. RiddleChapter 54: Chemosynthetic seep communities triggered by seabed slumping off of northern Papua New Guinea David R. TappinChapter 55: Near-pristine benthic habitats on the Francesc Page`s Bank, Alboran Sea, western MediterraneanClaudio Lo Iacono, Jordi Grinyo´, Suzanne Conlon, Manfred Lafosse, Alain Rabaute, Martina Pierdomenico, Hector Perea, Elia d’Acremont and Eula`lia Gra`ciaChapter 56: Application of the coastal and marine ecological classification standard to Gosnold Seamount, North Atlantic OceanD. Sowers, J.A. Dijkstra, K. Mello, G. Masetti, M. Malik and Larry Alan MayerChapter 57: Deep-sea benthic megafaunal communities on the New England and Corner Rise Seamounts, Northwest Atlantic Ocean Abby Lapointe, Les Watling and Allen M. GontzChapter 58: Manganese nodule fields from the Northeast Pacific as benthic habitatsThomas Kuhn, Katja Uhlenkott, Annemiek Vink, Carsten Rühlemann and Pedro Martinez ArbizuChapter 59: Geomorphology and benthic habitats of the Kermadec Trench, Southwest Pacific Ocean Alan J. Jamieson, Heather A. Stewart, Ashley A. Rowden and Malcolm R. ClarkPart III SynthesisChapter 60: GeoHab Atlas of seafloor geomorphic features and benthic habitats—synthesis and lessons learned Peter T. Harris and Elaine K. Baker