Mohamed Mohsen – H Index 12. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of oceanology, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, China.Adjunct lecturer, Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Agriculture, Egypt. Hongsheng Yang has long been engaged in research on the biology and ecology of sea cucumber, ecological immunology, facilities and techniques for culture and stock enhancement of sea cucumber and artificial reef evaluation and resource restoration techniques. He participated in drafting many national strategy planning documents including the "Eleventh Five-Year plan", "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", “Marine agriculture” special plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology and "Conservation and sustainable use of marine biological resources”, the National Ocean and Technology Development Strategy, Program for Marine Development by Reliance on Science and Technology and several other regional development strategy plans of Shandong Province and Qingdao City. He has published over 100 papers, authorized more than 20 patents and presided over formulating a national industry standard.

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• Part I: General Biology of sea cucumbers1.1 Morphology1.2 Anatomy 1.2.1 Body walls1.2.2 Ossicles1.2.3 Calcareous ring1.2.4 Coelomic fluid and coelomocytes1.2.5 Digestive system1.2.6 Hemal system1.2.7 Respiratory tree1.2.8 Water vascular system1.2.9 Nervous system1.2.10 Reproductive system1.3 Evisceration1.4 Regeneration1.5 Aestivation1.6 Medicinal properties1.7 Genetic diversity2 Part II: Sea cucumbers in the Middle East: what is known and what is unknown2.1 Sea cucumber species2.2 Hotspots for sea cucumber species in the Middle East2.2.1 Sea cucumbers in Egypt 2.2.2 Sea cucumbers in Turkey2.2.3 Sea cucumbers in Iran2.2.4 Sea cucumbers in the Arab states of the Persian GulfPart III: Sea cucumbers mariculture3.1 Asexual reproduction3.2 Sexual reproduction3.2.1 Broodstock collection3.2.2 Broodstock conditioning3.2.3 Spawning3.2.4 Fertilization3.2.5 Embryonic and larval development3.2.6 Nursery3.3 Farming methods3.4 Sea cucumbers in the integrated multi-trophic aquaculture 3.5 Processing and cooking methods of sea cucumbers3.6 Feasibility for farming sea cucumbersPart IV: Stressors and sea cucumbers4.1 Temperature4.2 Salinity4.3 pH 4.4 Hypoxia 4.5 Microplastic4.6 Stocking density4.Food quality4.8 Handling and Transportation4.9 Presence of Predators