Mark Michaelis is founder, chief technical architect, and trainer for IntelliTect. A world-class C# expert, he has been a Microsoft Regional Director since 2007 and a Microsoft MVP for 25 years. He founded the Spokane .NET Users Group, co-organizes the annual TEDx Coeur d'Alene events, and is adjunct professor at Eastern Washington University.

• Foreword xvPreface xviiAcknowledgments xxxiAbout the Author xxxiiiChapter 1: Introducing C# 1Hello, World 2C# Syntax Fundamentals 12Working with Variables 24Console Input and Output 28Managed Execution and the Common Language Infrastructure 38Multiple .NET Frameworks 44Summary 48Chapter 2: Data Types 49Type Name Forms 50Fundamental Numeric Types 52More Fundamental Types 63Conversions between Data Types 84Summary 92Chapter 3: More with Data Types 93Categories of Types 93Declaring Types That Allow null 96Implicitly Typed Local Variables 102Tuples 103Arrays 112Summary 134Chapter 4: Operators and Control Flow 137Operators 137Introducing Flow Control 156Code Blocks ({}) 161Code Blocks, Scopes, and Declaration Spaces 164Boolean Expressions 166Programming with null 173Bitwise Operators (<<, >>, |, &, ^, ~) 181Control Flow Statements, Continued 187Jump Statements 200C# Preprocessor Directives 206Summary 215Chapter 5: Parameters and Methods 217Calling a Method 218Declaring a Method 225Local Functions 232Using Directives 233Returns and Parameters on Main Method 242Top-Level Statements 246Advanced Method Parameters 247Recursion 261Method Overloading 264Optional Parameters 267Basic Error Handling with Exceptions 272Summary 291Chapter 6: Classes 293Declaring and Instantiating a Class 298Instance Fields 302Instance Methods 305Using the this Keyword 306Access Modifiers 314Properties 316Constructors 333Non-Nullable Reference Type Properties with Constructors 346Nullable Attributes 354Deconstructors 357Static Members 359Extension Methods 370Encapsulating the Data 372Nested Classes 376Partial Classes 379Summary 384Chapter 7: Inheritance 385Derivation 386Overriding the Base Class 397Abstract Classes 410All Classes Derive from System.Object 417Type Checking 419Pattern Matching 423Avoid Pattern Matching When Polymorphism Is Possible 438Summary 440Chapter 8: Interfaces 443Introducing Interfaces 444Polymorphism through Interfaces 446Interface Implementation 451Converting between the Implementing Class and Its Interfaces 457Interface Inheritance 458Multiple Interface Inheritance 461Extension Methods on Interfaces 461Versioning 464Extension Methods versus Default Interface Members 480Interfaces Compared with Abstract Classes 482Interfaces Compared with Attributes 484Summary 484Chapter 9: Introducing Structs and Records 487Reference Equality versus Value Equality 493Structs 494Record Classes 500Record Class Inheritance 503Records 504Overriding object Members 513Customizing Record Behavior 521Boxing 523Enums 532Summary 544Chapter 10: Well-Formed Types 547Operator Overloading 548Referencing Other Assemblies 557Encapsulation of Types 564Defining Namespaces 567XML Comments 571Garbage Collection and Weak References 576Resource Cleanup 580Lazy Initialization 596Summary 598Chapter 11: Exception Handling 601Multiple Exception Types 601Catching Exceptions 604Rethrowing an Existing Exception 607General Catch Block 609Guidelines for Exception Handling 610Defining Custom Exceptions 614Rethrowing a Wrapped Exception 618Summary 622Chapter 12: Generics 623C# without Generics 624Introducing Generic Types 630Constraints 646Generic Methods 663Covariance and Contravariance 669Generic Internals 676Summary 681Chapter 13: Delegates and Lambda Expressions 683Introducing Delegates 684Declaring Delegate Types 688Lambda Expressions 698Statement Lambdas 699Expression Lambdas 702Anonymous Methods 705Delegates Do Not Have Structural Equality 707Outer Variables 710Static Anonymous Functions 712Expression Trees 716Summary 724Chapter 14: Events 727Coding the Publish–Subscribe Pattern with Multicast Delegates 728Understanding Events 743Summary 753Chapter 15: Collection Interfaces with Standard Query Operators 755Collection Initializers 756What Makes a Class a Collection: IEnumerable 759Standard Query Operators 766Anonymous Types with LINQ 796Summary 806Chapter 16: LINQ with Query Expressions 809Introducing Query Expressions 810Query Expressions Are Just Method Invocations 829Summary 831Chapter 17: Building Custom Collections 833More Collection Interfaces 834Primary Collection Classes 837Providing an Indexer 859Returning null or an Empty Collection 862Iterators 863Summary 879Chapter 18: Reflection, Attributes, and Dynamic Programming 881Reflection 881nameof Operator 894Attributes 895Programming with Dynamic Objects 920Summary 931Chapter 19: Introducing Multithreading 933Multithreading Basics 935Asynchronous Tasks 943Canceling a Task 965Working with System.Threading 972Summary 973Chapter 20: Programming the Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern 975Synchronously Invoking a High-Latency Operation 975Asynchronously Invoking a High-Latency Operation Using the TPL 979The Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern with async and await 984Introducing Asynchronous Return of ValueTask 991Asynchronous Streams 994IAsyncDisposable and the await using Declaration and Statement 998Using LINQ with IAsyncEnumerable 999Returning void from an Asynchronous Method 1001Asynchronous Lambdas and Local Functions 1006Task Schedulers and the Synchronization Context 1013async/await with the Windows UI 1015Summary 1019Chapter 21: Iterating in Parallel 1021Executing Loop Iterations in Parallel 1021Running LINQ Queries in Parallel 1032Summary 1039Chapter 22: Thread Synchronization 1041Why Synchronization? 1042Timers 1073Summary 1076Chapter 23: Platform Interoperability and Unsafe Code 1077Platform Invoke 1078Pointers and Addresses 1093Executing Unsafe Code via a Delegate 1104Summary 1105Chapter 24: The Common Language Infrastructure 1107Defining the Common Language Infrastructure 1107CLI Implementations 1109.NET Standard 1113Base Class Library 1113C# Compilation to Machine Code 1114Runtime 1116Assemblies, Manifests, and Modules 1121Common Intermediate Language 1124Common Type System 1125Common Language Specification 1125Metadata 1126.NET Native and Ahead of Time Compilation 1127Summary 1128Index 1131Index of 8.0 Topics 1187Index of 9.0 Topics 1190Index of 10.0 Topics 1191Index of 11.0 Topics 1192Index of 12.0 Topics 1193

Mark Michaelis is founder, chief technical architect, and trainer for IntelliTect. A world-class C# expert, he has been a Microsoft Regional Director since 2007 and a Microsoft MVP for 25 years. He founded the Spokane .NET Users Group, co-organizes the annual TEDx Coeur d'Alene events, and is adjunct professor at Eastern Washington University.

• Foreword xvPreface xviiAcknowledgments xxxiAbout the Author xxxiiiChapter 1: Introducing C# 1Hello, World 2C# Syntax Fundamentals 12Working with Variables 24Console Input and Output 28Managed Execution and the Common Language Infrastructure 38Multiple .NET Frameworks 44Summary 48Chapter 2: Data Types 49Type Name Forms 50Fundamental Numeric Types 52More Fundamental Types 63Conversions between Data Types 84Summary 92Chapter 3: More with Data Types 93Categories of Types 93Declaring Types That Allow null 96Implicitly Typed Local Variables 102Tuples 103Arrays 112Summary 134Chapter 4: Operators and Control Flow 137Operators 137Introducing Flow Control 156Code Blocks ({}) 161Code Blocks, Scopes, and Declaration Spaces 164Boolean Expressions 166Programming with null 173Bitwise Operators (<<, >>, |, &, ^, ~) 181Control Flow Statements, Continued 187Jump Statements 200C# Preprocessor Directives 206Summary 215Chapter 5: Parameters and Methods 217Calling a Method 218Declaring a Method 225Local Functions 232Using Directives 233Returns and Parameters on Main Method 242Top-Level Statements 246Advanced Method Parameters 247Recursion 261Method Overloading 264Optional Parameters 267Basic Error Handling with Exceptions 272Summary 291Chapter 6: Classes 293Declaring and Instantiating a Class 298Instance Fields 302Instance Methods 305Using the this Keyword 306Access Modifiers 314Properties 316Constructors 333Non-Nullable Reference Type Properties with Constructors 346Nullable Attributes 354Deconstructors 357Static Members 359Extension Methods 370Encapsulating the Data 372Nested Classes 376Partial Classes 379Summary 384Chapter 7: Inheritance 385Derivation 386Overriding the Base Class 397Abstract Classes 410All Classes Derive from System.Object 417Type Checking 419Pattern Matching 423Avoid Pattern Matching When Polymorphism Is Possible 438Summary 440Chapter 8: Interfaces 443Introducing Interfaces 444Polymorphism through Interfaces 446Interface Implementation 451Converting between the Implementing Class and Its Interfaces 457Interface Inheritance 458Multiple Interface Inheritance 461Extension Methods on Interfaces 461Versioning 464Extension Methods versus Default Interface Members 480Interfaces Compared with Abstract Classes 482Interfaces Compared with Attributes 484Summary 484Chapter 9: Introducing Structs and Records 487Reference Equality versus Value Equality 493Structs 494Record Classes 500Record Class Inheritance 503Records 504Overriding object Members 513Customizing Record Behavior 521Boxing 523Enums 532Summary 544Chapter 10: Well-Formed Types 547Operator Overloading 548Referencing Other Assemblies 557Encapsulation of Types 564Defining Namespaces 567XML Comments 571Garbage Collection and Weak References 576Resource Cleanup 580Lazy Initialization 596Summary 598Chapter 11: Exception Handling 601Multiple Exception Types 601Catching Exceptions 604Rethrowing an Existing Exception 607General Catch Block 609Guidelines for Exception Handling 610Defining Custom Exceptions 614Rethrowing a Wrapped Exception 618Summary 622Chapter 12: Generics 623C# without Generics 624Introducing Generic Types 630Constraints 646Generic Methods 663Covariance and Contravariance 669Generic Internals 676Summary 681Chapter 13: Delegates and Lambda Expressions 683Introducing Delegates 684Declaring Delegate Types 688Lambda Expressions 698Statement Lambdas 699Expression Lambdas 702Anonymous Methods 705Delegates Do Not Have Structural Equality 707Outer Variables 710Static Anonymous Functions 712Expression Trees 716Summary 724Chapter 14: Events 727Coding the Publish–Subscribe Pattern with Multicast Delegates 728Understanding Events 743Summary 753Chapter 15: Collection Interfaces with Standard Query Operators 755Collection Initializers 756What Makes a Class a Collection: IEnumerable 759Standard Query Operators 766Anonymous Types with LINQ 796Summary 806Chapter 16: LINQ with Query Expressions 809Introducing Query Expressions 810Query Expressions Are Just Method Invocations 829Summary 831Chapter 17: Building Custom Collections 833More Collection Interfaces 834Primary Collection Classes 837Providing an Indexer 859Returning null or an Empty Collection 862Iterators 863Summary 879Chapter 18: Reflection, Attributes, and Dynamic Programming 881Reflection 881nameof Operator 894Attributes 895Programming with Dynamic Objects 920Summary 931Chapter 19: Introducing Multithreading 933Multithreading Basics 935Asynchronous Tasks 943Canceling a Task 965Working with System.Threading 972Summary 973Chapter 20: Programming the Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern 975Synchronously Invoking a High-Latency Operation 975Asynchronously Invoking a High-Latency Operation Using the TPL 979The Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern with async and await 984Introducing Asynchronous Return of ValueTask 991Asynchronous Streams 994IAsyncDisposable and the await using Declaration and Statement 998Using LINQ with IAsyncEnumerable 999Returning void from an Asynchronous Method 1001Asynchronous Lambdas and Local Functions 1006Task Schedulers and the Synchronization Context 1013async/await with the Windows UI 1015Summary 1019Chapter 21: Iterating in Parallel 1021Executing Loop Iterations in Parallel 1021Running LINQ Queries in Parallel 1032Summary 1039Chapter 22: Thread Synchronization 1041Why Synchronization? 1042Timers 1073Summary 1076Chapter 23: Platform Interoperability and Unsafe Code 1077Platform Invoke 1078Pointers and Addresses 1093Executing Unsafe Code via a Delegate 1104Summary 1105Chapter 24: The Common Language Infrastructure 1107Defining the Common Language Infrastructure 1107CLI Implementations 1109.NET Standard 1113Base Class Library 1113C# Compilation to Machine Code 1114Runtime 1116Assemblies, Manifests, and Modules 1121Common Intermediate Language 1124Common Type System 1125Common Language Specification 1125Metadata 1126.NET Native and Ahead of Time Compilation 1127Summary 1128Index 1131Index of 8.0 Topics 1187Index of 9.0 Topics 1190Index of 10.0 Topics 1191Index of 11.0 Topics 1192Index of 12.0 Topics 1193

Mark Michaelis is founder, chief technical architect, and trainer for IntelliTect. A world-class C# expert, he has been a Microsoft Regional Director since 2007 and a Microsoft MVP for 25 years. He founded the Spokane .NET Users Group, co-organizes the annual TEDx Coeur d'Alene events, and is adjunct professor at Eastern Washington University.

• Foreword xvPreface xviiAcknowledgments xxxiAbout the Author xxxiiiChapter 1: Introducing C# 1Hello, World 2C# Syntax Fundamentals 12Working with Variables 24Console Input and Output 28Managed Execution and the Common Language Infrastructure 38Multiple .NET Frameworks 44Summary 48Chapter 2: Data Types 49Type Name Forms 50Fundamental Numeric Types 52More Fundamental Types 63Conversions between Data Types 84Summary 92Chapter 3: More with Data Types 93Categories of Types 93Declaring Types That Allow null 96Implicitly Typed Local Variables 102Tuples 103Arrays 112Summary 134Chapter 4: Operators and Control Flow 137Operators 137Introducing Flow Control 156Code Blocks ({}) 161Code Blocks, Scopes, and Declaration Spaces 164Boolean Expressions 166Programming with null 173Bitwise Operators (<<, >>, |, &, ^, ~) 181Control Flow Statements, Continued 187Jump Statements 200C# Preprocessor Directives 206Summary 215Chapter 5: Parameters and Methods 217Calling a Method 218Declaring a Method 225Local Functions 232Using Directives 233Returns and Parameters on Main Method 242Top-Level Statements 246Advanced Method Parameters 247Recursion 261Method Overloading 264Optional Parameters 267Basic Error Handling with Exceptions 272Summary 291Chapter 6: Classes 293Declaring and Instantiating a Class 298Instance Fields 302Instance Methods 305Using the this Keyword 306Access Modifiers 314Properties 316Constructors 333Non-Nullable Reference Type Properties with Constructors 346Nullable Attributes 354Deconstructors 357Static Members 359Extension Methods 370Encapsulating the Data 372Nested Classes 376Partial Classes 379Summary 384Chapter 7: Inheritance 385Derivation 386Overriding the Base Class 397Abstract Classes 410All Classes Derive from System.Object 417Type Checking 419Pattern Matching 423Avoid Pattern Matching When Polymorphism Is Possible 438Summary 440Chapter 8: Interfaces 443Introducing Interfaces 444Polymorphism through Interfaces 446Interface Implementation 451Converting between the Implementing Class and Its Interfaces 457Interface Inheritance 458Multiple Interface Inheritance 461Extension Methods on Interfaces 461Versioning 464Extension Methods versus Default Interface Members 480Interfaces Compared with Abstract Classes 482Interfaces Compared with Attributes 484Summary 484Chapter 9: Introducing Structs and Records 487Reference Equality versus Value Equality 493Structs 494Record Classes 500Record Class Inheritance 503Records 504Overriding object Members 513Customizing Record Behavior 521Boxing 523Enums 532Summary 544Chapter 10: Well-Formed Types 547Operator Overloading 548Referencing Other Assemblies 557Encapsulation of Types 564Defining Namespaces 567XML Comments 571Garbage Collection and Weak References 576Resource Cleanup 580Lazy Initialization 596Summary 598Chapter 11: Exception Handling 601Multiple Exception Types 601Catching Exceptions 604Rethrowing an Existing Exception 607General Catch Block 609Guidelines for Exception Handling 610Defining Custom Exceptions 614Rethrowing a Wrapped Exception 618Summary 622Chapter 12: Generics 623C# without Generics 624Introducing Generic Types 630Constraints 646Generic Methods 663Covariance and Contravariance 669Generic Internals 676Summary 681Chapter 13: Delegates and Lambda Expressions 683Introducing Delegates 684Declaring Delegate Types 688Lambda Expressions 698Statement Lambdas 699Expression Lambdas 702Anonymous Methods 705Delegates Do Not Have Structural Equality 707Outer Variables 710Static Anonymous Functions 712Expression Trees 716Summary 724Chapter 14: Events 727Coding the Publish–Subscribe Pattern with Multicast Delegates 728Understanding Events 743Summary 753Chapter 15: Collection Interfaces with Standard Query Operators 755Collection Initializers 756What Makes a Class a Collection: IEnumerable 759Standard Query Operators 766Anonymous Types with LINQ 796Summary 806Chapter 16: LINQ with Query Expressions 809Introducing Query Expressions 810Query Expressions Are Just Method Invocations 829Summary 831Chapter 17: Building Custom Collections 833More Collection Interfaces 834Primary Collection Classes 837Providing an Indexer 859Returning null or an Empty Collection 862Iterators 863Summary 879Chapter 18: Reflection, Attributes, and Dynamic Programming 881Reflection 881nameof Operator 894Attributes 895Programming with Dynamic Objects 920Summary 931Chapter 19: Introducing Multithreading 933Multithreading Basics 935Asynchronous Tasks 943Canceling a Task 965Working with System.Threading 972Summary 973Chapter 20: Programming the Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern 975Synchronously Invoking a High-Latency Operation 975Asynchronously Invoking a High-Latency Operation Using the TPL 979The Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern with async and await 984Introducing Asynchronous Return of ValueTask 991Asynchronous Streams 994IAsyncDisposable and the await using Declaration and Statement 998Using LINQ with IAsyncEnumerable 999Returning void from an Asynchronous Method 1001Asynchronous Lambdas and Local Functions 1006Task Schedulers and the Synchronization Context 1013async/await with the Windows UI 1015Summary 1019Chapter 21: Iterating in Parallel 1021Executing Loop Iterations in Parallel 1021Running LINQ Queries in Parallel 1032Summary 1039Chapter 22: Thread Synchronization 1041Why Synchronization? 1042Timers 1073Summary 1076Chapter 23: Platform Interoperability and Unsafe Code 1077Platform Invoke 1078Pointers and Addresses 1093Executing Unsafe Code via a Delegate 1104Summary 1105Chapter 24: The Common Language Infrastructure 1107Defining the Common Language Infrastructure 1107CLI Implementations 1109.NET Standard 1113Base Class Library 1113C# Compilation to Machine Code 1114Runtime 1116Assemblies, Manifests, and Modules 1121Common Intermediate Language 1124Common Type System 1125Common Language Specification 1125Metadata 1126.NET Native and Ahead of Time Compilation 1127Summary 1128Index 1131Index of 8.0 Topics 1187Index of 9.0 Topics 1190Index of 10.0 Topics 1191Index of 11.0 Topics 1192Index of 12.0 Topics 1193