Introducing Philosophy

The late Robert C. Solomon was Quincy Lee Centennial Professor of Business and Philosophy and Distinguished Teaching Professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Kathleen M. Higgins is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin. Clancy Martin is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Missouri-Kansas City.

Introducing Philosophy is a comprehensive text that covers all of the areas we discuss in Introduction to Philosophy. The text combines very helpful introductory material and excerpts from primary sources." - Larry Allen, Northwest Florida State College

• *=New to this Edition Philosopher BiographiesPrefaceHistory of Philosophy INTRODUCTION*A. The Meaning of Life*Viktor E. Frankl, from Man's Search for Meaning*Albert Camus, from "The Myth of Sisyphus"*Bertrand Russell, from "Impersonal Interests"*Arindam Chakrabarti, from "Greed, Gadgets, or Guests"B. SocratesPlato, from ApologyPlato, from CritoPlato, from PhaedoPlato, from RepublicC. What Is PhilosophyBertrand Russell, from The Problems of PhilosophyPlato, from ApologyKarl Jaspers, from "The Axial Period"Laozi, from Dao De JingD. A Modern Approach to PhilosophyRené Descartes, from Discourse on MethodE. A Brief Introduction to Logic*Mary Astell, from "A Serious Proposal for the Ladies"Key TermsFor Further Reading Part One | The World and BeyondCHAPTER 1 | REALITYA. "The Way the World Really Is"Aristotle, from MetaphysicsB. The First Greek PhilosophersC. Ultimate Reality in the East: India, Persia, and ChinaFrom UpanishadsFrom Zend-AvestaFrom the Confucian AnalectsLaozi, from Dao De JingBuddha (attributed), from "Fire-Sermon"D. Two Kinds of Metaphysics: Plato and AristotlePlato, from RepublicPlato, from MenoAristotle, from MetaphysicsAristotle, from PhysicsAristotle, from Metaphysics E. Modern MetaphysicsRené Descartes, on Substance from "Principles of Philosophy"René Descartes, from "Meditation VI"Benedictus de Spinoza, from EthicsGottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, from MonadologySummary and ConclusionChapter Review QuestionsKey TermsFor Further Reading CHAPTER 2 | RELIGIONA. What Is Religion?John Wisdom, from "Gods"Albert Einstein, from "Religion and Science"Keiji Nishitani, from "What Is Religion?"B. Religion as a Way of Life*Karen Armstrong, from The Great Transformation*Roger T. Ames, from Confucian Role Ethics: A VocabularyC. The Western ReligionsD. Proving the Existence of God: The Ontological ArgumentSt. Anselm, from ProslogionRené Descartes, from "Meditation IV"Immanuel Kant, from The Critique of Pure ReasonE. God as Creator: The Cosmological and Teleological Arguments St. Thomas Aquinas, from Summa TheologicaWilliam Paley, from "The Teleological Argument"St. Thomas Aquinas, from Summa TheologicaDavid Hume, from Dialogues on Natural ReligionF. Other Reasons to Believe in GodImmanuel Kant, from The Critique of Practical ReasonWilliam James, from "The Will to Believe"Pascal's from PenséesG. The Problem of EvilSt. Augustine, from ConfessionsFyodor Dostoyevsky, from The Brothers Karamazov *Anthony B. Pinn, from Why, Lord?From the BhagavadgitaH. The Relation of Faith and Reason *Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi, on ReasonMohammad al-Ghazali, from The Deliverance from ErrorSøren Kierkegaard, from Concluding Unscientific PostscriptSøren Kierkegaard, from Philosophical FragmentsSøren Kierkegaard, from Concluding Unscientific PostscriptI. Arguments against Religion and Theistic ResponsesKarl Marx, from Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of RightFriedrich Nietzsche, from The AntichristFriedrich Nietzsche, from The Gay ScienceSigmund Freud, from The Future of an IllusionAlvin Plantinga, from Warranted Christian Belief*Gustavo Gutiérrez, from A Theology of LiberationJ. Non-Traditional Conceptions of God and ReligionMary Daly, from "The Qualitative Leap beyond Patriarchal Religion"Paul Tillich, from "Symbols of Faith"Robert C. Solomon, from Spirituality for the SkepticSummary and ConclusionChapter Review QuestionsKey TermsFor Further Reading CHAPTER 3 | TRUTH AND KNOWLEDGE?A. What Is Truth?B. Theories of Truth?Brand Blanshard, from The Nature of ThoughtC. Distinguishing Reality from AppearanceBertrand Russell, from The Problems of PhilosophyD. The Rationalist's Confidence: DescartesRené Descartes, from "Meditation I"René Descartes, from "Meditation II"René Descartes, from "Meditation VI"E. Innate Ideas Concerning Human Understanding: John LockeJohn Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingGottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, from New Essays on Human UnderstandingF. Two Empiricist Theories of KnowledgeJohn Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingBishop George Berkeley, from Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human KnowledgeG. The Congenial Skeptic: David HumeDavid Hume, from A Treatise of Human NatureDavid Hume, from An Enquiry Concerning Human UnderstandingH. Kant's Revolution and the Issue of RelativismImmanuel Kant, from The Critique of Pure ReasonImmanuel Kant, from Prolegomena to Any Future MetaphysicsI. The Analytic TurnBertrand Russell, from The Problems of PhilosophyW. V. O. Quine, from "Epistemology Naturalized"J. Feminist EpistemologyElizabeth Grosz, from Feminist KnowledgeUma Narayan, from "The Project of Feminist Epistemology: Perspectives from a Non-Western Feminist"Summary and ConclusionChapter Review QuestionsKey TermsFor Further Reading Part Two | Know ThyselfCHAPTER 4 | MIND AND BODYA. What Is Consciousness?René Descartes, from "Meditation VI"René Descartes, from "Meditation III"B. The Problem of DualismRené Descartes, from "The Passions of the Soul"C. The Rejection of DualismGilbert Ryle, from The Concept of MindJ. J. C. Smart, from "Sensations and Brain Processes"Jerome Shaffer, from Philosophy of MindDavid Braddon-Mitchell and Frank Jackson, from Philosophy of Mind and CognitionJohn R. Searle, from Minds, Brains, and Science*Jaegwon Kim, from "The Mind-Body Problem at Century's Turn"D. The Problem of ConsciousnessSigmund Freud, from New Introductory Lectures on PsychoanalysisThomas Nagel, from Mortal QuestionsE. Changing Our Minds: Holism and ConsciousnessAristotle, from De Anima*Galen Strawson, from "Consciousness Isn't a Mystery. It's Matter."F. The Politics of the Mind-Body ProblemElizabeth V. Spelman, from "Woman as Body: Ancient and Contemporary Views"Summary and ConclusionChapter Review QuestionsKey TermsFor Further Reading CHAPTER 5 | SELFA. Consciousness and the Self: From Descartes to KantRené Descartes, from "Meditation VI"John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingDavid Hume, A Treatise of Human NatureImmanuel Kant, from Against the Soul as Substance Meredith Michaels, from "Personal Identity"Derek Parfit, from Reasons and PersonsB. Existentialism: Self-Identity and the Responsibility of ChoiceJean-Paul Sartre, from "Existentialism Is a Humanism"Simone de Beauvoir, from The Second SexC. The Individual and the CommunitySøren Kierkegaard, from Concluding Unscientific PostscriptDavid Reisman, from Individualism ReconsideredMalcolm X, from "At the Audubon"Sherry Ortner, from "Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?"Dierdre McCloskey, from Crossing: A MemoirD. One Self? Any Self? Questioning the Concept of Personal "Essence"Hermann Hesse, from SteppenwolfSummary and ConclusionChapter Review QuestionsKey TermsFor Further Reading CHAPTER 6 | FREEDOMA. Fatalism and PredestinationSophocles, from Oedipus the KingSt. Augustine, from On Free Choice of the WillMuhammad Iqbal, from The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in IslamJacqueline Trimier, On the Yoruba Ori from "African Philosophy" B. Determinism and LibertyBaron Paul Henri d'Holbach, from System of NatureDaniel Dennett, from Elbow RoomRobert Kane, On IndeterminismJohn Stuart Mill, from A System of LogicDavid Hume, On Causation and Character *Thomas Reid, from "The Liberty of Moral Agents"Robert Kane, On "Wiggle Room"Harry Frankfurt, from "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person"C. Compulsion and IgnoranceAristotle, On Voluntary ActionJudith Orr, "Sex, Ignorance, and Freedom"John Hospers, from "What Means This Freedom?"B. F. Skinner, Beyond FreedomRobert Kane, Beyond SkinnerD. Freedom in Practice: Kant's SolutionSummary and ConclusionChapter Review QuestionsKey TermsFor Further Reading Part Three | The Good and the RightCHAPTER 7 | ETHICSA. MoralityB. Is Morality Relative?Gilbert Harman, from "Moral Relativism Defended"St. Thomas Aquinas, from Summa Contra Gentiles John Corvino, from Same Sex: Debating the Ethics, Science, and Culture of HomosexualityC. Egoism and AltruismPlato, from RepublicTara Smith, from Viable Values Mencius, from "Human Nature"Xunzi, Human Nature Is EvilJoseph Butler, from SermonsD. Morality as Virtue: AristotleAristotle, from Nicomachean EthicsE. Morality and Sentiment: Hume and RousseauDavid Hume, from Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals Jean-Jacques Rousseau, from ÉmileF. Morality and Practical Reason: KantImmanuel Kant, from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of MoralsG. UtilitarianismJeremy Bentham, from An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and LegislationJohn Stuart Mill, from UtilitarianismH. The Creation of Morality: Nietzsche and ExistentialismFriedrich Nietzsche, from The Gay ScienceFriedrich Nietzsche, from Beyond Good and Evil*Friedrich Nietzsche, from Thus Spoke ZarathustraJean-Paul Sartre, from Existentialism Is a HumanismSimone de Beauvoir, from The Ethics of AmbiguityI. Feminist Ethics and CareVirginia Held, from "Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory"*Eva Feder Kittay, from "The Ethics of Care, Dependence, and Disability"Summary and ConclusionChapter Review QuestionsKey TermsFor Further Reading CHAPTER 8 | JUSTICEA. Retributive and Distributive JusticeB. Two Ancient Theories of Justice: Plato and AristotlePlato, from RepublicAristotle, from Nicomachean EthicsC. Two Modern Theories of Justice: Hume and Mill on Utility and RightsDavid Hume, from Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. John Stuart Mill, from UtilitarianismD. The Social ContractThomas Hobbes, from LeviathanJean-Jacques Rousseau, from The Social ContractThomas Jefferson et al., from The Declaration of IndependenceE. Civil DisobedienceHenry David Thoreau, from "Resistance to Civil Government" ("Civil Disobedience")Martin Luther King Jr., from "Letter from Birmingham Jail"F. Fairness and EntitlementJohn Rawls, from "Justice as Fairness"Robert Nozick, from Anarchy, State, and UtopiaJohn Locke, from The Second Treatise on Government*Bernard R. Boxill, from "A Lockean Argument for Black Reparations"G. Individual Rights and FreedomMalcolm X, On Civil and Human RightsJohn Stuart Mill, from On LibertyAmartya Sen, from "Property and Hunger"*Martha C. Nussbaum, from Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach*Peter Singer, from Animal LiberationH. Limitations of Rights-Based Conceptions of JusticeAnnette C. Baier, from "The Need for More Than Justice"*William E. Rees and Laura Westra, from "When Consumption Does Violence: From Consciousness to Responsibility"*Ben Almassi, from "Climate Change and the Need for Intergenerational Reparative"*Miranda Fricker, from "Testimonial Injustice"María Lugones, from "Playfulness, 'World'-Traveling, and Loving Perception"Summary and ConclusionChapter Review QuestionsKey TermsFor Further Reading CHAPTER 9 | AESTHETICSA. The Power of BeautyPlato, from Symposium B. Plato's Case against Imitative ArtPlato, from Republic XC. How Good Art Is Made*Aristotle, from PoeticsD. Puzzles about Art and Emotion*Anna Christina Ribeiro, from "Heavenly Hurt"*Catherine Wilson, from "Grief and the Poet"E. Disputes about TasteDavid Hume, from "Of the Standard of Taste"Kendall L. Walton, from "Categories of Art"F. Aesthetic ExperienceG. Taste and Social Exclusion*Monique Roelofs, from "Racialization as an Aesthetic Production"H. The Nature of Art*G.W.F. Hegel, from The Philosophy of Fine Art*Arthur C. Danto, from "The Artworld"I. Aesthetics in Everyday Life*John Dewey, from Art as Experience*Katya Mandoki, from "The Sense of Earthiness"*Yuriko Saito, from "Living with Everyday Objects"*Cheng Xiangzhan, from "Ecoaesthetics and Ecocriticism"*Cheng Xiangzhan, from "Ecophilosophy and Ecoaesthetics: A Chinese Perspective"Summary and ConclusionChapter Review QuestionsKey TermsFor Further Reading GlossaryIndex