Harold E. Briggs has spent the past 41 years using evidence to advance social responsibility, social innovation, and social development, achieving service outcomes, accountability, and social change across adult, child, and family service systems.Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt has spent almost ten years researching and publishing funded scholarship on racial disproportionality and disparities in the U.S child welfare system. Her scholarship focuses, especially, on the intersecting impact of race-based and economic class-based social policies (e.g., Family First Prevention Services Act) on African Americans who are low-resourced.

• PREFACE SECTION ONE OVERVIEW: NO FREEDOM OR PRIVILEGE FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES Chapter 1. The Backstory and Effects of the Black Tax on African Americans Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Damien Juwan Johnson, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 2. A Group Denied: Understanding the Racial Disproportionality and Disparity Experiences of African American Males and Non-custodial Single Fathers Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Leon Banks, PhD Chapter 3. A Perilous Group That Keeps Going: Understanding the Racial Disproportionality and Disparity Experiences of African American Females and Custodial Single MothersKimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Harold E. Briggs, PhD SECTION TWO OVERVIEW: AFRICAN AMERICANS: A LATTER DAY CANARY IN THE MIN[ES]/[DS] OF THE UNITED STATES Chapter 4. Unprivileged African Americans: The Ecological Systems Cartel Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Leon Banks, PhD Chapter 5. Data on the Racial Disproportionality and Disparity Experiences of African Americans with U.S. Child Welfare System Involvement Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Harold E. Briggs, PhD Chapter 6. The Unjust Black hole Syndemic of Oppression: Experiences of African Americans Involved with the U.S. Child Welfare SystemHarold E. Briggs, PhD, Collin C. Beeson, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD SECTION THREE OVERVIEW: AFRICAN AMERICAN CHILD WELFARE SYSTEM CAPTIVES: CANARIES IN THE BLACK HOLE Chapter 7: African Americans' Health Disparities: An integral Mechanism of the Matrix of Oppression in the US and the Child Welfare System Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Collin C. Beeson, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 8: Understanding Racial Disproportionality and Disparity Experiences of African American Youth and Families: Child Welfare and Behavioral Health Service System-Involvement Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 9: Understanding Racial Disproportionality and Disparities: Experiences of African American Youth with Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice System Involvement Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 10: Understanding Racial Disproportionality Experiences of African American Youth and Families: Pregnant and Parenting Youth with Child Welfare Involvement Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 11: Understanding Racial Disproportionality and Disparities: Experiences of African American Youth Who Age Out and Become Homeless Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 12: Social Determinants of Health Outcomes for African American Alumni of the Child Welfare System Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD SECTION FOUR OVERVIEW: AFRICAN AMERICANS IN POVERTY ACCESSING THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH: A DREAM DEFERRED Chapter 13: Mitigating Racial Disproportionately and Disparities: Something Old, Borrowed, Different, and New: A Way Out Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Collin C. Beeson Chapter 14: Discussion and Implications for Working with African Americans in CW and Other Human Service SystemsHarold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Leon Banks, PhD, Collin C. Beeson Chapter 15: Conclusion: Are we Preserving the US System of Colonization? Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Philip Young P. Hong, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Appendix A: One-page Chapter Synopsis & Takeaways

Harold E. Briggs has spent the past 41 years using evidence to advance social responsibility, social innovation, and social development, achieving service outcomes, accountability, and social change across adult, child, and family service systems.Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt has spent almost ten years researching and publishing funded scholarship on racial disproportionality and disparities in the U.S child welfare system. Her scholarship focuses, especially, on the intersecting impact of race-based and economic class-based social policies (e.g., Family First Prevention Services Act) on African Americans who are low-resourced.

• PREFACE SECTION ONE OVERVIEW: NO FREEDOM OR PRIVILEGE FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES Chapter 1. The Backstory and Effects of the Black Tax on African Americans Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Damien Juwan Johnson, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 2. A Group Denied: Understanding the Racial Disproportionality and Disparity Experiences of African American Males and Non-custodial Single Fathers Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Leon Banks, PhD Chapter 3. A Perilous Group That Keeps Going: Understanding the Racial Disproportionality and Disparity Experiences of African American Females and Custodial Single MothersKimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Harold E. Briggs, PhD SECTION TWO OVERVIEW: AFRICAN AMERICANS: A LATTER DAY CANARY IN THE MIN[ES]/[DS] OF THE UNITED STATES Chapter 4. Unprivileged African Americans: The Ecological Systems Cartel Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Leon Banks, PhD Chapter 5. Data on the Racial Disproportionality and Disparity Experiences of African Americans with U.S. Child Welfare System Involvement Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Harold E. Briggs, PhD Chapter 6. The Unjust Black hole Syndemic of Oppression: Experiences of African Americans Involved with the U.S. Child Welfare SystemHarold E. Briggs, PhD, Collin C. Beeson, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD SECTION THREE OVERVIEW: AFRICAN AMERICAN CHILD WELFARE SYSTEM CAPTIVES: CANARIES IN THE BLACK HOLE Chapter 7: African Americans' Health Disparities: An integral Mechanism of the Matrix of Oppression in the US and the Child Welfare System Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Collin C. Beeson, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 8: Understanding Racial Disproportionality and Disparity Experiences of African American Youth and Families: Child Welfare and Behavioral Health Service System-Involvement Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 9: Understanding Racial Disproportionality and Disparities: Experiences of African American Youth with Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice System Involvement Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 10: Understanding Racial Disproportionality Experiences of African American Youth and Families: Pregnant and Parenting Youth with Child Welfare Involvement Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 11: Understanding Racial Disproportionality and Disparities: Experiences of African American Youth Who Age Out and Become Homeless Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 12: Social Determinants of Health Outcomes for African American Alumni of the Child Welfare System Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD SECTION FOUR OVERVIEW: AFRICAN AMERICANS IN POVERTY ACCESSING THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH: A DREAM DEFERRED Chapter 13: Mitigating Racial Disproportionately and Disparities: Something Old, Borrowed, Different, and New: A Way Out Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Collin C. Beeson Chapter 14: Discussion and Implications for Working with African Americans in CW and Other Human Service SystemsHarold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Leon Banks, PhD, Collin C. Beeson Chapter 15: Conclusion: Are we Preserving the US System of Colonization? Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Philip Young P. Hong, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Appendix A: One-page Chapter Synopsis & Takeaways

Harold E. Briggs has spent the past 41 years using evidence to advance social responsibility, social innovation, and social development, achieving service outcomes, accountability, and social change across adult, child, and family service systems.Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt has spent almost ten years researching and publishing funded scholarship on racial disproportionality and disparities in the U.S child welfare system. Her scholarship focuses, especially, on the intersecting impact of race-based and economic class-based social policies (e.g., Family First Prevention Services Act) on African Americans who are low-resourced.

• PREFACE SECTION ONE OVERVIEW: NO FREEDOM OR PRIVILEGE FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES Chapter 1. The Backstory and Effects of the Black Tax on African Americans Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Damien Juwan Johnson, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 2. A Group Denied: Understanding the Racial Disproportionality and Disparity Experiences of African American Males and Non-custodial Single Fathers Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Leon Banks, PhD Chapter 3. A Perilous Group That Keeps Going: Understanding the Racial Disproportionality and Disparity Experiences of African American Females and Custodial Single MothersKimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Harold E. Briggs, PhD SECTION TWO OVERVIEW: AFRICAN AMERICANS: A LATTER DAY CANARY IN THE MIN[ES]/[DS] OF THE UNITED STATES Chapter 4. Unprivileged African Americans: The Ecological Systems Cartel Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Leon Banks, PhD Chapter 5. Data on the Racial Disproportionality and Disparity Experiences of African Americans with U.S. Child Welfare System Involvement Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Harold E. Briggs, PhD Chapter 6. The Unjust Black hole Syndemic of Oppression: Experiences of African Americans Involved with the U.S. Child Welfare SystemHarold E. Briggs, PhD, Collin C. Beeson, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD SECTION THREE OVERVIEW: AFRICAN AMERICAN CHILD WELFARE SYSTEM CAPTIVES: CANARIES IN THE BLACK HOLE Chapter 7: African Americans' Health Disparities: An integral Mechanism of the Matrix of Oppression in the US and the Child Welfare System Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Collin C. Beeson, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 8: Understanding Racial Disproportionality and Disparity Experiences of African American Youth and Families: Child Welfare and Behavioral Health Service System-Involvement Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 9: Understanding Racial Disproportionality and Disparities: Experiences of African American Youth with Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice System Involvement Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 10: Understanding Racial Disproportionality Experiences of African American Youth and Families: Pregnant and Parenting Youth with Child Welfare Involvement Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 11: Understanding Racial Disproportionality and Disparities: Experiences of African American Youth Who Age Out and Become Homeless Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Chapter 12: Social Determinants of Health Outcomes for African American Alumni of the Child Welfare System Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD SECTION FOUR OVERVIEW: AFRICAN AMERICANS IN POVERTY ACCESSING THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH: A DREAM DEFERRED Chapter 13: Mitigating Racial Disproportionately and Disparities: Something Old, Borrowed, Different, and New: A Way Out Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Collin C. Beeson Chapter 14: Discussion and Implications for Working with African Americans in CW and Other Human Service SystemsHarold E. Briggs, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD, Leon Banks, PhD, Collin C. Beeson Chapter 15: Conclusion: Are we Preserving the US System of Colonization? Harold E. Briggs, PhD, Philip Young P. Hong, PhD, Kimberly Y. Huggins-Hoyt, PhD Appendix A: One-page Chapter Synopsis & Takeaways