Ronald J. Krotoszynski, Jr. is the John S. Stone Chair, Director of Faculty Research, and Professor of Law at the University of Alabama School of Law. His work focuses on constitutional law, the First Amendment, administrative law, telecommunications law, and comparative constitutional law. He is the author of Free Speech as Civic Structure (OUP, 2024), The Disappearing First Amendment (CUP, 2019), and Privacy Revisited (OUP, 2016), and co-author of First Amendment: Cases and Theory (Aspen Publishers, 4th edn, 2022). He is also co-editor of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Democracy (CUP, 2025).András Koltay is Research Professor at the University of Public Service and Professor of Law at Pázmány Péter Catholic University in Budapest. He previously served as Rector of the University of Public Service (2018-21). He is the author of New Media and Freedom of Expression (Hart, 2019) and Media Freedom and the Law (Routledge, 2024), and co-editor of volumes including Blasphemy and Freedom of Expression (CUP, 2017), Comparative Privacy and Defamation (Edward Elgar, 2020), and Global Perspectives on Press Regulation, Vols. 1-2 (Hart, 2023-24). He is also co-editor of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Democracy (CUP, 2025).Emily Laidlaw is Canada Research Chair in Cybersecurity Law and Professor at the University of Calgary. Her research focuses on technology regulation, cybersecurity, human rights, platform regulation, privacy, online harms, freedom of expression and corporate social responsibility. She is the author of Regulating Speech in Cyberspace (CUP, 2015). Before joining Calgary in 2014, she spent nearly a decade in the UK, completing her LLM and PhD at the London School of Economics and holding a lectureship at the University of East Anglia. She is Ethics Advisor to Calgary's City Council and a member of both the Canadian Network on Information and Security and the Institute for Security, Privacy and Information Assurance.Bernát Török is Associate Professor of Constitutional Law and Director of the Institute of the Information Society at the Ludovika University of Public Service in Budapest, and UNESCO Chair on Digital Platforms for Learning Societies. He previously worked as a legal expert at the Hungarian media authority and served as Chief Counselor at the Constitutional Court of Hungary (2010-18). He was a visiting scholar at Yale Law School in 2016-17. He is the author of To Speak Freely in a Democracy (2018) and co-editor of several works on free speech, media law, and new technology regulation. His research interests include freedom of speech and fundamental rights in the information society.

Maximize freedom or guard against risk? As Europe and the US disagree over how best to address the same social media platforms-such as YouTube, Spotify, and X-the thoughtful contributors to this timely volume identify areas of disagreement and conflict in governmental approaches to the private companies that enable the nearly instantaneous global communication of words, images, opinions, and disinformation. These instructive contributions, including perspectives from Canada and South Korea, go a long way toward equipping lawmakers, citizens, businesses, and content creators to evaluate contrasting approaches-and perhaps to bridge them as well.

• 1: András Koltay, Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr. , Bernát Török, and Emily Laidlaw: Introduction Part I. Theoretical and Historical Analyses 2: Ashutosh Bhagwat: Regulating in the Face of Constant Change: The Case of Social Media 3: Jeremy Kessler: The Short, Strange Career of Viewpoint Discrimination 4: Paul Wragg: In Defense of Mutual Autonomy: Conceptual Doubts about Horizontal Online Free Speech Rights Part II. Examining the Current State of Platform Regulation: US Perspectives, with an Eye Toward Europe 5: Stuart Minor Benjamin: Content Moderation and the First Amendment 6: Margot E. Kaminski: Platform Transparency and Compelled Speech Doctrine: How EU-Style Disclosures Fare Against US Constitutional Challenges 7: Gerald L. Adams III and Jane R. Bambauer: Regulating Content Curation Across the Divide 8: Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr.: Regulating Social Media Platforms in the Shadow of the First Amendment: Some Comparative Law Observations and Lessons on the Scope of Fundamental Rights Part III. Examining the Current State of Platform Regulation: European Perspectives, with an Eye Toward the United States 9: Giovanni De Gregorio and Elif Biber: The European Digital Services Act: A Democratic View for the Digital Age? 10: Bernát Török: Regulating Social Media for the Protection of Democracy: How Can Europe's Digital Services Act Defend the Democratic Public, and Why Can US Law Not Do So? 11: Domingos Soares Farinho: Platform Regulation in the Age of Generative AI: The US and EU Legal Landscape 12: Christopher Marsden: Digital Service and Disinformation Inaction: Tech Bros' Threat to Enforcement of Co-Regulation 13: Zsolt Zxodi: From Immunity to Compliance: The Structural Divide in Platform Regulation across the Atlantic 14: András Koltay: The Distant Dream of Free Speech for Social Media Users: The Great Divide Between Europe and the United States That Is Not So Great 15: Matteo Monti: Between Quasi-Journalistic Responsibilities and an Infrastructural Role: EU Regulations and the New Identity of Social Media Platforms 16: Uta Kohl: The Politics of the Brussels Effect Narrative Part IV. Examining the Current State of Platform Regulation: Perspectives from Other Jurisdictions, with Eyes Toward the United States and Europe 17: Emily Laidlaw: Platform Regulation in Canada: A Bridge Across the Great Divide? 18: Ahran Park: South Korea's Platform Governance: A Substantive Regulatory Model and Its Procedural Limits Part V. The Regulation of Disinformation on Online Platforms 19: Bernard W. Bell: Constraints on Government Efforts to Control Disinformation in the United States 20: Sarah Eskens: The European Union's Regulatory Framework for Disinformation on Online Platforms, Through the Lens of Freedom of Expression 21: Joanna Kulesza: Tackling Disinformation in Europe: Co-Regulation Through the DSA, National Laws, and Strategic Initiatives 22: Peter Coe and Helen Fenwick: An Analysis of the Efficacy of the Online Safety Act 2023 in Tackling the False Information Petri Dish 23: Robert Post: Concluding Thoughts: The Significance for Regulation of Culture

Ronald J. Krotoszynski, Jr. is the John S. Stone Chair, Director of Faculty Research, and Professor of Law at the University of Alabama School of Law. His work focuses on constitutional law, the First Amendment, administrative law, telecommunications law, and comparative constitutional law. He is the author of Free Speech as Civic Structure (OUP, 2024), The Disappearing First Amendment (CUP, 2019), and Privacy Revisited (OUP, 2016), and co-author of First Amendment: Cases and Theory (Aspen Publishers, 4th edn, 2022). He is also co-editor of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Democracy (CUP, 2025).András Koltay is Research Professor at the University of Public Service and Professor of Law at Pázmány Péter Catholic University in Budapest. He previously served as Rector of the University of Public Service (2018-21). He is the author of New Media and Freedom of Expression (Hart, 2019) and Media Freedom and the Law (Routledge, 2024), and co-editor of volumes including Blasphemy and Freedom of Expression (CUP, 2017), Comparative Privacy and Defamation (Edward Elgar, 2020), and Global Perspectives on Press Regulation, Vols. 1-2 (Hart, 2023-24). He is also co-editor of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Democracy (CUP, 2025).Emily Laidlaw is Canada Research Chair in Cybersecurity Law and Professor at the University of Calgary. Her research focuses on technology regulation, cybersecurity, human rights, platform regulation, privacy, online harms, freedom of expression and corporate social responsibility. She is the author of Regulating Speech in Cyberspace (CUP, 2015). Before joining Calgary in 2014, she spent nearly a decade in the UK, completing her LLM and PhD at the London School of Economics and holding a lectureship at the University of East Anglia. She is Ethics Advisor to Calgary's City Council and a member of both the Canadian Network on Information and Security and the Institute for Security, Privacy and Information Assurance.Bernát Török is Associate Professor of Constitutional Law and Director of the Institute of the Information Society at the Ludovika University of Public Service in Budapest, and UNESCO Chair on Digital Platforms for Learning Societies. He previously worked as a legal expert at the Hungarian media authority and served as Chief Counselor at the Constitutional Court of Hungary (2010-18). He was a visiting scholar at Yale Law School in 2016-17. He is the author of To Speak Freely in a Democracy (2018) and co-editor of several works on free speech, media law, and new technology regulation. His research interests include freedom of speech and fundamental rights in the information society.

Maximize freedom or guard against risk? As Europe and the US disagree over how best to address the same social media platforms-such as YouTube, Spotify, and X-the thoughtful contributors to this timely volume identify areas of disagreement and conflict in governmental approaches to the private companies that enable the nearly instantaneous global communication of words, images, opinions, and disinformation. These instructive contributions, including perspectives from Canada and South Korea, go a long way toward equipping lawmakers, citizens, businesses, and content creators to evaluate contrasting approaches-and perhaps to bridge them as well.

• 1: András Koltay, Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr. , Bernát Török, and Emily Laidlaw: Introduction Part I. Theoretical and Historical Analyses 2: Ashutosh Bhagwat: Regulating in the Face of Constant Change: The Case of Social Media 3: Jeremy Kessler: The Short, Strange Career of Viewpoint Discrimination 4: Paul Wragg: In Defense of Mutual Autonomy: Conceptual Doubts about Horizontal Online Free Speech Rights Part II. Examining the Current State of Platform Regulation: US Perspectives, with an Eye Toward Europe 5: Stuart Minor Benjamin: Content Moderation and the First Amendment 6: Margot E. Kaminski: Platform Transparency and Compelled Speech Doctrine: How EU-Style Disclosures Fare Against US Constitutional Challenges 7: Gerald L. Adams III and Jane R. Bambauer: Regulating Content Curation Across the Divide 8: Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr.: Regulating Social Media Platforms in the Shadow of the First Amendment: Some Comparative Law Observations and Lessons on the Scope of Fundamental Rights Part III. Examining the Current State of Platform Regulation: European Perspectives, with an Eye Toward the United States 9: Giovanni De Gregorio and Elif Biber: The European Digital Services Act: A Democratic View for the Digital Age? 10: Bernát Török: Regulating Social Media for the Protection of Democracy: How Can Europe's Digital Services Act Defend the Democratic Public, and Why Can US Law Not Do So? 11: Domingos Soares Farinho: Platform Regulation in the Age of Generative AI: The US and EU Legal Landscape 12: Christopher Marsden: Digital Service and Disinformation Inaction: Tech Bros' Threat to Enforcement of Co-Regulation 13: Zsolt Zxodi: From Immunity to Compliance: The Structural Divide in Platform Regulation across the Atlantic 14: András Koltay: The Distant Dream of Free Speech for Social Media Users: The Great Divide Between Europe and the United States That Is Not So Great 15: Matteo Monti: Between Quasi-Journalistic Responsibilities and an Infrastructural Role: EU Regulations and the New Identity of Social Media Platforms 16: Uta Kohl: The Politics of the Brussels Effect Narrative Part IV. Examining the Current State of Platform Regulation: Perspectives from Other Jurisdictions, with Eyes Toward the United States and Europe 17: Emily Laidlaw: Platform Regulation in Canada: A Bridge Across the Great Divide? 18: Ahran Park: South Korea's Platform Governance: A Substantive Regulatory Model and Its Procedural Limits Part V. The Regulation of Disinformation on Online Platforms 19: Bernard W. Bell: Constraints on Government Efforts to Control Disinformation in the United States 20: Sarah Eskens: The European Union's Regulatory Framework for Disinformation on Online Platforms, Through the Lens of Freedom of Expression 21: Joanna Kulesza: Tackling Disinformation in Europe: Co-Regulation Through the DSA, National Laws, and Strategic Initiatives 22: Peter Coe and Helen Fenwick: An Analysis of the Efficacy of the Online Safety Act 2023 in Tackling the False Information Petri Dish 23: Robert Post: Concluding Thoughts: The Significance for Regulation of Culture

Ronald J. Krotoszynski, Jr. is the John S. Stone Chair, Director of Faculty Research, and Professor of Law at the University of Alabama School of Law. His work focuses on constitutional law, the First Amendment, administrative law, telecommunications law, and comparative constitutional law. He is the author of Free Speech as Civic Structure (OUP, 2024), The Disappearing First Amendment (CUP, 2019), and Privacy Revisited (OUP, 2016), and co-author of First Amendment: Cases and Theory (Aspen Publishers, 4th edn, 2022). He is also co-editor of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Democracy (CUP, 2025).András Koltay is Research Professor at the University of Public Service and Professor of Law at Pázmány Péter Catholic University in Budapest. He previously served as Rector of the University of Public Service (2018-21). He is the author of New Media and Freedom of Expression (Hart, 2019) and Media Freedom and the Law (Routledge, 2024), and co-editor of volumes including Blasphemy and Freedom of Expression (CUP, 2017), Comparative Privacy and Defamation (Edward Elgar, 2020), and Global Perspectives on Press Regulation, Vols. 1-2 (Hart, 2023-24). He is also co-editor of Disinformation, Misinformation, and Democracy (CUP, 2025).Emily Laidlaw is Canada Research Chair in Cybersecurity Law and Professor at the University of Calgary. Her research focuses on technology regulation, cybersecurity, human rights, platform regulation, privacy, online harms, freedom of expression and corporate social responsibility. She is the author of Regulating Speech in Cyberspace (CUP, 2015). Before joining Calgary in 2014, she spent nearly a decade in the UK, completing her LLM and PhD at the London School of Economics and holding a lectureship at the University of East Anglia. She is Ethics Advisor to Calgary's City Council and a member of both the Canadian Network on Information and Security and the Institute for Security, Privacy and Information Assurance.Bernát Török is Associate Professor of Constitutional Law and Director of the Institute of the Information Society at the Ludovika University of Public Service in Budapest, and UNESCO Chair on Digital Platforms for Learning Societies. He previously worked as a legal expert at the Hungarian media authority and served as Chief Counselor at the Constitutional Court of Hungary (2010-18). He was a visiting scholar at Yale Law School in 2016-17. He is the author of To Speak Freely in a Democracy (2018) and co-editor of several works on free speech, media law, and new technology regulation. His research interests include freedom of speech and fundamental rights in the information society.

Maximize freedom or guard against risk? As Europe and the US disagree over how best to address the same social media platforms-such as YouTube, Spotify, and X-the thoughtful contributors to this timely volume identify areas of disagreement and conflict in governmental approaches to the private companies that enable the nearly instantaneous global communication of words, images, opinions, and disinformation. These instructive contributions, including perspectives from Canada and South Korea, go a long way toward equipping lawmakers, citizens, businesses, and content creators to evaluate contrasting approaches-and perhaps to bridge them as well.

• 1: András Koltay, Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr. , Bernát Török, and Emily Laidlaw: Introduction Part I. Theoretical and Historical Analyses 2: Ashutosh Bhagwat: Regulating in the Face of Constant Change: The Case of Social Media 3: Jeremy Kessler: The Short, Strange Career of Viewpoint Discrimination 4: Paul Wragg: In Defense of Mutual Autonomy: Conceptual Doubts about Horizontal Online Free Speech Rights Part II. Examining the Current State of Platform Regulation: US Perspectives, with an Eye Toward Europe 5: Stuart Minor Benjamin: Content Moderation and the First Amendment 6: Margot E. Kaminski: Platform Transparency and Compelled Speech Doctrine: How EU-Style Disclosures Fare Against US Constitutional Challenges 7: Gerald L. Adams III and Jane R. Bambauer: Regulating Content Curation Across the Divide 8: Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr.: Regulating Social Media Platforms in the Shadow of the First Amendment: Some Comparative Law Observations and Lessons on the Scope of Fundamental Rights Part III. Examining the Current State of Platform Regulation: European Perspectives, with an Eye Toward the United States 9: Giovanni De Gregorio and Elif Biber: The European Digital Services Act: A Democratic View for the Digital Age? 10: Bernát Török: Regulating Social Media for the Protection of Democracy: How Can Europe's Digital Services Act Defend the Democratic Public, and Why Can US Law Not Do So? 11: Domingos Soares Farinho: Platform Regulation in the Age of Generative AI: The US and EU Legal Landscape 12: Christopher Marsden: Digital Service and Disinformation Inaction: Tech Bros' Threat to Enforcement of Co-Regulation 13: Zsolt Zxodi: From Immunity to Compliance: The Structural Divide in Platform Regulation across the Atlantic 14: András Koltay: The Distant Dream of Free Speech for Social Media Users: The Great Divide Between Europe and the United States That Is Not So Great 15: Matteo Monti: Between Quasi-Journalistic Responsibilities and an Infrastructural Role: EU Regulations and the New Identity of Social Media Platforms 16: Uta Kohl: The Politics of the Brussels Effect Narrative Part IV. Examining the Current State of Platform Regulation: Perspectives from Other Jurisdictions, with Eyes Toward the United States and Europe 17: Emily Laidlaw: Platform Regulation in Canada: A Bridge Across the Great Divide? 18: Ahran Park: South Korea's Platform Governance: A Substantive Regulatory Model and Its Procedural Limits Part V. The Regulation of Disinformation on Online Platforms 19: Bernard W. Bell: Constraints on Government Efforts to Control Disinformation in the United States 20: Sarah Eskens: The European Union's Regulatory Framework for Disinformation on Online Platforms, Through the Lens of Freedom of Expression 21: Joanna Kulesza: Tackling Disinformation in Europe: Co-Regulation Through the DSA, National Laws, and Strategic Initiatives 22: Peter Coe and Helen Fenwick: An Analysis of the Efficacy of the Online Safety Act 2023 in Tackling the False Information Petri Dish 23: Robert Post: Concluding Thoughts: The Significance for Regulation of Culture