Arnim Langer is Director of the Centre for Research on Peace and Development (CRPD), Associate Professor in International Relations and Chair Holder of the UNESCO Chair in Building Sustainable Peace at the University of Leuven (KU Leuven) in Belgium. He is also a Research Associate at the Oxford Department of International Development (ODID) at the University of Oxford and a Visiting Fellow at the Centre for Development Studies (CDS) at the University of Bath. His research focuses on group behaviour and identity formation, the causes and consequences of violent conflict, the dynamics and persistence of horizontal inequalities, post-conflict economic reconstruction, DDR processes, and sustainable peace building and peace education in post-conflict countries. He has conducted extensive field research and is running large research projects on these topics in a range of African countries, in particular in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, and DR Congo.Graham K. Brown is Professor of International Development and Head of School at the School of Social Sciences, UWA. Trained as a political scientist, Professor Brown works at the intersection of political science and development economics, with key interests in inequality, identity, and political mobilisation. He has worked extensively in Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia and Indonesia. He is Research Associate at the Universities of Oxford, Leuven, and Auckland, and has held visiting research positions at Stanford University and the National University of Singapore.

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• PART I: ISSUES AND DYNAMICS; PART II: COUNTRY EXPERIENCES; PART III: CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

Arnim Langer is Director of the Centre for Research on Peace and Development (CRPD), Associate Professor in International Relations and Chair Holder of the UNESCO Chair in Building Sustainable Peace at the University of Leuven (KU Leuven) in Belgium. He is also a Research Associate at the Oxford Department of International Development (ODID) at the University of Oxford and a Visiting Fellow at the Centre for Development Studies (CDS) at the University of Bath. His research focuses on group behaviour and identity formation, the causes and consequences of violent conflict, the dynamics and persistence of horizontal inequalities, post-conflict economic reconstruction, DDR processes, and sustainable peace building and peace education in post-conflict countries. He has conducted extensive field research and is running large research projects on these topics in a range of African countries, in particular in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, and DR Congo.Graham K. Brown is Professor of International Development and Head of School at the School of Social Sciences, UWA. Trained as a political scientist, Professor Brown works at the intersection of political science and development economics, with key interests in inequality, identity, and political mobilisation. He has worked extensively in Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia and Indonesia. He is Research Associate at the Universities of Oxford, Leuven, and Auckland, and has held visiting research positions at Stanford University and the National University of Singapore.

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• PART I: ISSUES AND DYNAMICS; PART II: COUNTRY EXPERIENCES; PART III: CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS