Terence Irwin is Emeritus Professor of Ancient Philosophy at the University of Oxford. He obtained his MA from Oxford and his PhD from Princeton University. He has taught at Harvard and Cornell. He is the author of The Development of Ethics (Oxford 2007-9), among numerous other publications.

• 1: Introduction 2: Socrates: the Choice of Lives 3: Plato 4: Aristotle 5: Scepticism 6: Epicurus: Happiness as Pleasure 7: The Stoics: Happiness as Virtue 8: Christian Belief and Moral Philosophy: Augustine 9: Aquinas 10: Scotus and Ockham 11: Morality and Social Human Nature: Suarez and Grotius 12: Hobbes: Natural Law without Social Human Nature 13: Voluntarism, Naturalism and Moral Realism: Pufendorf, Shaftesbury, Cudworth, and Clarke 14: Sentimentalism: A Non-Rational Ground for Morality. Hutcheson and Hume 15: Rationalism: a Rational Ground for Morality. Butler, Price, and Reid 16: Kant and Some Critics 17: Schopenhauer: Kant's Insights and Errors 18: Hegel: Beyond Kantian Morality 19: Nietzsche: Against Kant and Morality 20: Utilitarianism: Mill and Sidgwick 21: Beyond Kantian and Utilitarian Morality: an Idealist Alternative. Green and Bradley 22: Meta-ethics: Objectivity and its Critics 23: Utilitarianism and its Critics: Some Further Questions

Terence Irwin is Emeritus Professor of Ancient Philosophy at the University of Oxford. He obtained his MA from Oxford and his PhD from Princeton University. He has taught at Harvard and Cornell. He is the author of The Development of Ethics (Oxford 2007-9), among numerous other publications.

• 1: Introduction 2: Socrates: the Choice of Lives 3: Plato 4: Aristotle 5: Scepticism 6: Epicurus: Happiness as Pleasure 7: The Stoics: Happiness as Virtue 8: Christian Belief and Moral Philosophy: Augustine 9: Aquinas 10: Scotus and Ockham 11: Morality and Social Human Nature: Suarez and Grotius 12: Hobbes: Natural Law without Social Human Nature 13: Voluntarism, Naturalism and Moral Realism: Pufendorf, Shaftesbury, Cudworth, and Clarke 14: Sentimentalism: A Non-Rational Ground for Morality. Hutcheson and Hume 15: Rationalism: a Rational Ground for Morality. Butler, Price, and Reid 16: Kant and Some Critics 17: Schopenhauer: Kant's Insights and Errors 18: Hegel: Beyond Kantian Morality 19: Nietzsche: Against Kant and Morality 20: Utilitarianism: Mill and Sidgwick 21: Beyond Kantian and Utilitarian Morality: an Idealist Alternative. Green and Bradley 22: Meta-ethics: Objectivity and its Critics 23: Utilitarianism and its Critics: Some Further Questions

Terence Irwin is Emeritus Professor of Ancient Philosophy at the University of Oxford. He obtained his MA from Oxford and his PhD from Princeton University. He has taught at Harvard and Cornell. He is the author of The Development of Ethics (Oxford 2007-9), among numerous other publications.

• 1: Introduction 2: Socrates: the Choice of Lives 3: Plato 4: Aristotle 5: Scepticism 6: Epicurus: Happiness as Pleasure 7: The Stoics: Happiness as Virtue 8: Christian Belief and Moral Philosophy: Augustine 9: Aquinas 10: Scotus and Ockham 11: Morality and Social Human Nature: Suarez and Grotius 12: Hobbes: Natural Law without Social Human Nature 13: Voluntarism, Naturalism and Moral Realism: Pufendorf, Shaftesbury, Cudworth, and Clarke 14: Sentimentalism: A Non-Rational Ground for Morality. Hutcheson and Hume 15: Rationalism: a Rational Ground for Morality. Butler, Price, and Reid 16: Kant and Some Critics 17: Schopenhauer: Kant's Insights and Errors 18: Hegel: Beyond Kantian Morality 19: Nietzsche: Against Kant and Morality 20: Utilitarianism: Mill and Sidgwick 21: Beyond Kantian and Utilitarian Morality: an Idealist Alternative. Green and Bradley 22: Meta-ethics: Objectivity and its Critics 23: Utilitarianism and its Critics: Some Further Questions