Professor of Economics at the University of Buckingham, and Research and Editorial Fellow at the Institute of Economic Affairs, Len Shackleton was educated at King’s College, University of Cambridge, and the School of Oriental and African Studies. He has run two business schools and worked as an economist in the UK Civil Service. Len has published widely in academic and policy journals on labour market issues and is a regular contributor to written and broadcast media. He has authored or edited twelve books and edits Economic Affairs, the academic journal published by the IEA and the University of Buckingham.