Causal Inference

Paul R. Rosenbaum is the Robert G. Putzel Professor Emeritus of Statistics and Data Science at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He is the author of Observation and Experiment: An Introduction to Causal Inference, Design of Observational Studies, Observational Studies, and Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies.

• Series Foreword ixList of Examples xiList of Methodological Topics xiii1 The Effects Caused by Treatments 12 Randomized Experiments 213 Observational Studies: The Problem 474 Adjustments for Measured Covariates 675 Sensitivity to Unmeasured Covariates 856 Quasi-Experimental Devices in the Design of Observational Studies 1037 Natural Experiments, Discontinuities, and Instruments 1178 Replication, Resolution, and Evidence Factors 1499 Uncertainty and Complexity in Causal Inference 159Postscript: Key Ideas, Chapter by Chapter 175Glossary 179Notes 181Bibliography 189Further Reading 197Index 199