Maria Helena Moreira Alves comes from a family with a long tradition of activism in Brazilian opposition politics.

. . . a most welcome, thoroughly researched study, which makes an important contribution to the historiography of modern Brazil. (Hispanic American Historical Review) . . . superbly documents the negative consequences of two decades of military rule based in part on a sweeping doctrine of national security . . . . This is an outstanding account of how the opposition grew, and eventually came to share power. (Times of the Americas)

• Acknowledgments Foreword Part I. The Doctrine of National Security and Development Introduction: Dependency and the National Security State 1. The Doctrine of National Security and Development Part II. The First Stage of Institutionalization, 1964–1968 2. The Foundations of the National Security State 3. Building New Control Mechanisms: Institutional Act No. 2 4. Constitutional Reform and the Institutionalization of the New State 5. Liberalization, Opposition, and State Crisis: Institutional Act No. 5 Part III. The Second Stage of Institutionalization, 1969–1974 6. Armed Struggle and the National Security State Part IV. The Third Stage of Institutionalization, 1974–1983 7. The Geisel Government: Decompression 8. The Abertura Period Conclusion: The Opposition and the State in Perspective Appendix Abbreviations Notes Index

Maria Helena Moreira Alves comes from a family with a long tradition of activism in Brazilian opposition politics.

. . . a most welcome, thoroughly researched study, which makes an important contribution to the historiography of modern Brazil. (Hispanic American Historical Review) . . . superbly documents the negative consequences of two decades of military rule based in part on a sweeping doctrine of national security . . . . This is an outstanding account of how the opposition grew, and eventually came to share power. (Times of the Americas)

• Acknowledgments Foreword Part I. The Doctrine of National Security and Development Introduction: Dependency and the National Security State 1. The Doctrine of National Security and Development Part II. The First Stage of Institutionalization, 1964–1968 2. The Foundations of the National Security State 3. Building New Control Mechanisms: Institutional Act No. 2 4. Constitutional Reform and the Institutionalization of the New State 5. Liberalization, Opposition, and State Crisis: Institutional Act No. 5 Part III. The Second Stage of Institutionalization, 1969–1974 6. Armed Struggle and the National Security State Part IV. The Third Stage of Institutionalization, 1974–1983 7. The Geisel Government: Decompression 8. The Abertura Period Conclusion: The Opposition and the State in Perspective Appendix Abbreviations Notes Index

Maria Helena Moreira Alves comes from a family with a long tradition of activism in Brazilian opposition politics.

. . . a most welcome, thoroughly researched study, which makes an important contribution to the historiography of modern Brazil. (Hispanic American Historical Review) . . . superbly documents the negative consequences of two decades of military rule based in part on a sweeping doctrine of national security . . . . This is an outstanding account of how the opposition grew, and eventually came to share power. (Times of the Americas)

• Acknowledgments Foreword Part I. The Doctrine of National Security and Development Introduction: Dependency and the National Security State 1. The Doctrine of National Security and Development Part II. The First Stage of Institutionalization, 1964–1968 2. The Foundations of the National Security State 3. Building New Control Mechanisms: Institutional Act No. 2 4. Constitutional Reform and the Institutionalization of the New State 5. Liberalization, Opposition, and State Crisis: Institutional Act No. 5 Part III. The Second Stage of Institutionalization, 1969–1974 6. Armed Struggle and the National Security State Part IV. The Third Stage of Institutionalization, 1974–1983 7. The Geisel Government: Decompression 8. The Abertura Period Conclusion: The Opposition and the State in Perspective Appendix Abbreviations Notes Index