How Sanctions Work

DAVID R. BLACK Associate Professor of Political Science at Dalhousie UniversityXAVIER CARIM Deputy Director of Multilateral Trade Relations at the Department of Trade and Industry, South AfricaDAVID FIG teaches sociology at the University of Witwatersrand, JohannesburgGILBERT M. KHADIAGALA Associate Professor at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins UniversityOLIVIER LEBLEU financial consultant for several South African corporationsNOMAZENGELE A. MAGALISO Assistant Professor of Sociology at Westfield State College, Westfield, MassachusettsTSHIDISO MALOKA Lecturer in History at the University of Cape TownMZAMO P. MANGALISO Associate Professor in the School of Management at the University of Massachusetts at AmherstMEG VOORHES Director of the South Africa Service at the Investor Responsibility Research Center

'The study enables the reader to understand how sanctions can indeed contribute to democratic transition, though often in subtle and complex ways.' - Stephen Zunes, Modern African Studies

• Acknowledgements Contributors Abbreviations List of Maps List of Tables Maps 1-5 PART I: INTRODUCTION Trump Card or Theatre: An Introduction to Two Sanctions Debates; N.C.Crawford How Sanctions Work: A Framework for Analysis; N.C.Crawford and A.Klotz PART II: STRATEGIC SANCTIONS How Arms Embargoes Work; N.C.Crawford Sanctions and the Nuclear Industry; D.Fig The Costs of Oil Sanctions; N.C.Crawford PART III: ECONOMIC SANCTIONS The US Divestment Movement; M.Voorhes Disinvestment by Multinational Corporations; M.P.Mangaliso The Political Economy of Financial Sanction; X.Carim, A.Klotz and O.Lbleu 'Sanctions Hurt but Apartheid Kills!': the Sanctions Campaign and Black Workers; T.Maloka PART IV: SOCIAL SANCTIONS Diplomatic Isolation; A.Klotz 'Not Cricket': the Effects and Effectiveness of the Sports Boycott; D.R.Black Cultural Boycotts and Political Change; N.A.Mangaliso PART V: IMPLICATIONS Regional Dimensions of Sanctions; G.M.Khadiagala Making Sanctions Work: Comparative Lessons; A.Klotz Chronology Index