BETTY KAPLAN GUBERT had been head of the General Research and Reference Division of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library for twenty-one years when she retired in 1991. She is the editor of Early Black Bibliographies, 1863-1918 (1982) and author of numerous articles in the field of Black Studies. She is currently the art editor of MultiCultural Review and consults on various publishing projects.

• Acknowledgments Introduction Notes to the User The Pioneers Eugene J. Bullard Bessie Coleman Other Individuals and Events Between World Wars Thomas C. Allen and J. Herman Banning C. Alfred Anderson and Albert E. Forsythe Hubert F. Julian John C. Robinson Willa B. Brown Cornelius R. Coffey William J. Powell James L.H. Peck Chauncey E. Spencer Other Individuals and Events World War II and After The Tuskegee Airmen Benjamin O. Davis Jr. Daniel James Jr. World War II Frank E. Petersen Jr. Other Individuals and Events Astronauts and Space Scientists Edward J. Dwight Robert H. Lawrence Jr. Ronald E. McNair Charles E. Bolden Jr. Guion S. Bluford Jr. Frederick D. Gregory Mae C. Jemison NASA Other Individuals and Events Airlines Chicago Discrimination History Women List of Pilots Index

BETTY KAPLAN GUBERT had been head of the General Research and Reference Division of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library for twenty-one years when she retired in 1991. She is the editor of Early Black Bibliographies, 1863-1918 (1982) and author of numerous articles in the field of Black Studies. She is currently the art editor of MultiCultural Review and consults on various publishing projects.

• Acknowledgments Introduction Notes to the User The Pioneers Eugene J. Bullard Bessie Coleman Other Individuals and Events Between World Wars Thomas C. Allen and J. Herman Banning C. Alfred Anderson and Albert E. Forsythe Hubert F. Julian John C. Robinson Willa B. Brown Cornelius R. Coffey William J. Powell James L.H. Peck Chauncey E. Spencer Other Individuals and Events World War II and After The Tuskegee Airmen Benjamin O. Davis Jr. Daniel James Jr. World War II Frank E. Petersen Jr. Other Individuals and Events Astronauts and Space Scientists Edward J. Dwight Robert H. Lawrence Jr. Ronald E. McNair Charles E. Bolden Jr. Guion S. Bluford Jr. Frederick D. Gregory Mae C. Jemison NASA Other Individuals and Events Airlines Chicago Discrimination History Women List of Pilots Index