SARAH BIRCH is a Lecturer in the Department of Government at the University of Essex. She has published numerous articles on elections and democratization, and she is the co-author of Embodying Democracy: Electoral System Design in Post-Communist Europe (Palgrave Macmillan 2002).

• List of Tables Preface PART I: ELECTORAL SYSTEMS IN POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE Electoral Institutions and Post-Communist Transition: Theoretical Considerations An Overview of Post-Communist Electoral Systems: Design and Measurement PART II: ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND VOTERS Electoral Participation Representational Inclusion PART III: ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND PARTIES Party System Size and Shape Party System Stability and Change Conclusion Appendix A: Summary Election Results for 20 Post-Communist States Appendix B: Data Sources Appendix C: Data on Party System Evolution Bibliography

SARAH BIRCH is a Lecturer in the Department of Government at the University of Essex. She has published numerous articles on elections and democratization, and she is the co-author of Embodying Democracy: Electoral System Design in Post-Communist Europe (Palgrave Macmillan 2002).

• List of Tables Preface PART I: ELECTORAL SYSTEMS IN POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE Electoral Institutions and Post-Communist Transition: Theoretical Considerations An Overview of Post-Communist Electoral Systems: Design and Measurement PART II: ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND VOTERS Electoral Participation Representational Inclusion PART III: ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND PARTIES Party System Size and Shape Party System Stability and Change Conclusion Appendix A: Summary Election Results for 20 Post-Communist States Appendix B: Data Sources Appendix C: Data on Party System Evolution Bibliography