Chiara Lovotti is an Associate Research Fellow, Middle East and North Africa Centre, Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI).Eleonora Tafuro Ambrosetti is a Research Fellow, Russia, Caucasus and Central Asia Centre, ISPI.Christopher A. Hartwell is Professor of Financial Systems Resilience, Bournemouth University, Professor of International Management, Kozminski University, Visiting Professor, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, and Fellow, CASE-Center for Social and Economic Research, Warsaw. Aleksandra Chmielewska is Coordinator of projects, European Institute of the Mediterranean, Visiting Lecturer, Blanquerna–Universitat Ramon Llull and Institut Barcelona d´Estudis Internacionals, and Lecturer on EU External Relations, ESEI International Business School.

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• 1 Setting the Stage for Analyzing Russia’s MENA "Return": A Historical BackgroundEleonora Tafuro Ambrosetti, Chiara Lovotti and Youssef Cherif2 Russia in Syria: Between Past, Present and FutureChiara Lovotti3 From Alienation to Coordination: A Twisted Path of Russian-Israeli RelationshipLuiza Khlebnikova and Maxim A. Suchkov, 4 Russia’s Relations with Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey: Friends in Need, Friends Indeed?Annalisa Perteghella and Valeria Talbot5 Russia in the MENA Region: A Familiar Tale of Economic Means to Political EndsChristopher A. Hartwell6 Criticism or Compliance? The Syrian Crisis Viewed by Russia’s Muslims and MENA Christians Katarzyna W. Sidło and Matteo Benussi7 European Perceptions of Russia’s Role in the MENA RegionEleonora Tafuro Ambrosetti

Chiara Lovotti is an Associate Research Fellow, Middle East and North Africa Centre, Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI).Eleonora Tafuro Ambrosetti is a Research Fellow, Russia, Caucasus and Central Asia Centre, ISPI.Christopher A. Hartwell is Professor of Financial Systems Resilience, Bournemouth University, Professor of International Management, Kozminski University, Visiting Professor, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, and Fellow, CASE-Center for Social and Economic Research, Warsaw. Aleksandra Chmielewska is Coordinator of projects, European Institute of the Mediterranean, Visiting Lecturer, Blanquerna–Universitat Ramon Llull and Institut Barcelona d´Estudis Internacionals, and Lecturer on EU External Relations, ESEI International Business School.

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• 1 Setting the Stage for Analyzing Russia’s MENA "Return": A Historical BackgroundEleonora Tafuro Ambrosetti, Chiara Lovotti and Youssef Cherif2 Russia in Syria: Between Past, Present and FutureChiara Lovotti3 From Alienation to Coordination: A Twisted Path of Russian-Israeli RelationshipLuiza Khlebnikova and Maxim A. Suchkov, 4 Russia’s Relations with Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey: Friends in Need, Friends Indeed?Annalisa Perteghella and Valeria Talbot5 Russia in the MENA Region: A Familiar Tale of Economic Means to Political EndsChristopher A. Hartwell6 Criticism or Compliance? The Syrian Crisis Viewed by Russia’s Muslims and MENA Christians Katarzyna W. Sidło and Matteo Benussi7 European Perceptions of Russia’s Role in the MENA RegionEleonora Tafuro Ambrosetti