Bruce Elleman is Associate Professor at the Maritime History Department of the U.S. Naval War College. He received a BA from UC Berkeley, and the MA, MPhil and PhD from Columbia University. His published research includes numerous articles on the USSR's and China's secret diplomacy surrounding the Chinese Eastern Railway, Outer Mongolia, and the United Front policy. He is the author of Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989 (2001), and other books on Sino-Soviet relations and Chinese military and naval history.

• Introduction 1. The Origin of the Japanese-American Exchange Program 2. Non-Officials and the U.S.-Japanese Exchange Agreement 3. Exchanging Journalists and Non-Officials from Outside the U.S. 4. Final U.S.-Japanese Negotiations for the First Exchange Ship 5. Creating the Japanese-American War Relocation Centers 6. Life in the War Relocation Centers 7. Tokyo Protests Mistreatment of Officials and Its Impact on the Second Exchange 8. Rising Tensions at the Tule Lake Relocation Center 9. Tokyo Protests Mistreatment of Non-Officials and the Delay of the Third Exchange 10. Negotiating Safe Passage and the Sinking of Awa Maru Conclusions

Bruce Elleman is Associate Professor at the Maritime History Department of the U.S. Naval War College. He received a BA from UC Berkeley, and the MA, MPhil and PhD from Columbia University. His published research includes numerous articles on the USSR's and China's secret diplomacy surrounding the Chinese Eastern Railway, Outer Mongolia, and the United Front policy. He is the author of Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989 (2001), and other books on Sino-Soviet relations and Chinese military and naval history.

• Introduction 1. The Origin of the Japanese-American Exchange Program 2. Non-Officials and the U.S.-Japanese Exchange Agreement 3. Exchanging Journalists and Non-Officials from Outside the U.S. 4. Final U.S.-Japanese Negotiations for the First Exchange Ship 5. Creating the Japanese-American War Relocation Centers 6. Life in the War Relocation Centers 7. Tokyo Protests Mistreatment of Officials and Its Impact on the Second Exchange 8. Rising Tensions at the Tule Lake Relocation Center 9. Tokyo Protests Mistreatment of Non-Officials and the Delay of the Third Exchange 10. Negotiating Safe Passage and the Sinking of Awa Maru Conclusions

Bruce Elleman is Associate Professor at the Maritime History Department of the U.S. Naval War College. He received a BA from UC Berkeley, and the MA, MPhil and PhD from Columbia University. His published research includes numerous articles on the USSR's and China's secret diplomacy surrounding the Chinese Eastern Railway, Outer Mongolia, and the United Front policy. He is the author of Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989 (2001), and other books on Sino-Soviet relations and Chinese military and naval history.

• Introduction 1. The Origin of the Japanese-American Exchange Program 2. Non-Officials and the U.S.-Japanese Exchange Agreement 3. Exchanging Journalists and Non-Officials from Outside the U.S. 4. Final U.S.-Japanese Negotiations for the First Exchange Ship 5. Creating the Japanese-American War Relocation Centers 6. Life in the War Relocation Centers 7. Tokyo Protests Mistreatment of Officials and Its Impact on the Second Exchange 8. Rising Tensions at the Tule Lake Relocation Center 9. Tokyo Protests Mistreatment of Non-Officials and the Delay of the Third Exchange 10. Negotiating Safe Passage and the Sinking of Awa Maru Conclusions