Stephan Ortmann is Assistant Professor of Comparative Politics at the FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany. He is the author of Managed Crisis: Legitimacy and the National Threat in Singapore (2009).

• 1. Introduction and Methodology: Containing Contention in Hong Kong and Singapore 2. Modernization and the Political Process Model 3. Depoliticization and the Rise of Social Protest in Hong Kong during the 1970s 4. Expanding Political Opportunities and Limiting Institutional Structures in Singapore 5. Ruling Elite Groups in Hong Kong During the 1970s: Positive Non-Interventionism and the Rise of Contention 6. Ruling Elite Groups in Singapore: Strength through Cohesion 7. Oppositional Groups in Hong Kong: The Right to Protest 8. Oppositional Groups in Singapore: Contention Denied 9. Comparing Ruling Elite Strategies in Hong Kong and Singapore: Implications for the Future Bibliography

Stephan Ortmann is Assistant Professor of Comparative Politics at the FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany. He is the author of Managed Crisis: Legitimacy and the National Threat in Singapore (2009).

• 1. Introduction and Methodology: Containing Contention in Hong Kong and Singapore 2. Modernization and the Political Process Model 3. Depoliticization and the Rise of Social Protest in Hong Kong during the 1970s 4. Expanding Political Opportunities and Limiting Institutional Structures in Singapore 5. Ruling Elite Groups in Hong Kong During the 1970s: Positive Non-Interventionism and the Rise of Contention 6. Ruling Elite Groups in Singapore: Strength through Cohesion 7. Oppositional Groups in Hong Kong: The Right to Protest 8. Oppositional Groups in Singapore: Contention Denied 9. Comparing Ruling Elite Strategies in Hong Kong and Singapore: Implications for the Future Bibliography

Stephan Ortmann is Assistant Professor of Comparative Politics at the FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany. He is the author of Managed Crisis: Legitimacy and the National Threat in Singapore (2009).

• 1. Introduction and Methodology: Containing Contention in Hong Kong and Singapore 2. Modernization and the Political Process Model 3. Depoliticization and the Rise of Social Protest in Hong Kong during the 1970s 4. Expanding Political Opportunities and Limiting Institutional Structures in Singapore 5. Ruling Elite Groups in Hong Kong During the 1970s: Positive Non-Interventionism and the Rise of Contention 6. Ruling Elite Groups in Singapore: Strength through Cohesion 7. Oppositional Groups in Hong Kong: The Right to Protest 8. Oppositional Groups in Singapore: Contention Denied 9. Comparing Ruling Elite Strategies in Hong Kong and Singapore: Implications for the Future Bibliography