Dr. Hammid Bashir, PhD is a laboratory specialist and biochemist at the Government Medical College since 2012. His research background is in biochemistry and has extensive experience specifically in researching Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and has a deep understanding of the subject matter. He has published ~49 articles in journals and is a co-editor of three recently published books. He is a rising researcher focused on this field of medicine including Thyroid Diseases, Diabetes and Insulin Resistance. Shafat Ali (Ph.D.) pursued his BSc. from University of Kashmir and Masters in Zoology from Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya, India. Currently he is engaged in research work in the Department of Zoology and previously in the Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development at the University of Kashmir, Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, and ICMR funded Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, with specialization in the field of reproductive immunogenetics, cytokine biology, gynaecology and obstetrics, molecular biology, cancer biology and cytogenetics. He has 5 years of research experience and 5 years of teaching experience. He has more than 20 book chapters, several edited books and numerous peer-reviewed, international research publications to his credit. Dr. Ali is also the reviewer of many reputed international journals. Presently, Dr. Ali is involved in studying immunogenetic mechanisms involved in recurrent pregnancy loss. Dr. Yahya F. Jamous is currently a Research Professor at the Wellness and Preventive Medicine Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh. As a pharmaceutical scientist with over 15 years of experience, he has a strong publication record in pharmaceutical biotechnology, nanotechnology, and molecular pharmacology. His current research focuses on disease pathomechanisms and genetic foundations, advancing innovative therapies through biotechnology. He specializes in preclinical development of small molecules, biologics, monoclonal antibodies, and gene therapies, using advanced delivery systems such as nanoparticles, exosomes, and viral vectors for vaccines, cardiovascular, and immunological diseases. He has held senior roles at KACST, including Acting Director of National Partnerships and former Director of NVBC. He earned a PhD in Molecular Pharmacology from ETH Zurich and MSc and BSc degrees from King Saud University. A licensed consultant, he also holds PMP and PMI-RMP certifications and remains active in research, mentorship, and consultancy.

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• 1. Introduction to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)2. Genetic Landscape of Type 2 Diabetes3. The Immune System and Type 2 Diabetes4. Immune Cells and T2DM5. Cytokines and Insulin Sensitivity6. Genetic Variations Influencing Immune Response7. Gene-Environment Interactions in T2DM8. HLA Associations in T2DM Susceptibility9. Immune-Mediated Complications in T2DM10. Immunogenetics of Diabetic Neuropathy and Nephropathy11. Targeting Immune Pathways for T2DM Treatment12. Personalized Medicine Approaches Based on Immunogenetic Profiling13. Emerging Trends in Immunogenetic Research in T2DM14. Unresolved Questions and Challenges in Immunogenetics15. Integrating Immunogenetics into T2DM Research and Practice