Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, PhD, LLM, is an Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering at University of California, Los Angeles, with more than twenty years of teaching and research experience in the field of computer engineering. Dr. Eshaghian-Wilner is best known for her pioneering contributions to optical computing, heterogeneous computing, and nanocomputing. She is licensed to practice before the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and is the recipient of several IEEE and NSF awards.

• Foreword viiPreface ixContributors xiii1 An Introduction to Nanocomputing 1Elaine Ann Ebreo Cara, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Eric Mlinar, Alireza Nojeh, Fady Rofail, Michael M. Safaee, Shawn Singh, Daniel Wu, and Chun Wing Yip2 Nanoscale Devices: Applications and Modeling 31Alireza Nojeh3 Quantum Computing 67John H. Reif4 Computing with Quantum-dot Cellular Automata 111Konrad Walus and Graham A. Jullien5 Dielectrophoretic Architectures 155Alexander D. Wissner-Gross6 Multilevel and Three-dimensional Nanomagnetic Recording 175S. Khizroev, R. Chomko, I. Dumer, and D. Litvinov7 Spin-wave Architectures 203Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Alex Khitun, Shiva Navab, and Kang L. Wang8 Parallel Computing with Spin Waves 225Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab9 Nanoscale Standard Digital Modules 243Shiva Navab10 Fault- and Defect-tolerant Architectures For Nanocomputing 263Sumit Ahuja, Gaurav Singh, Debayan Bhaduri, and Sandeep Shukla11 Molecular Computing: Integration of Molecules For Nanocomputing 295James M. Tour and Lin Zhong12 Self-assembly of Supramolecular Nanostructures: Ordered Arrays of Metal Ions and CarbonNanotubes 327Mario Ruben13 DNA Nanotechnology and Its Biological Applications 349John H. Reif and Thomas H. LaBean14 DNA Sequence Matching at Nanoscale Level 377Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Ling Lau, Shiva Navab, and David D. Shen15 Computational Tasks in Medical Nanorobotics 391Robert A. Freitas, Jr.16 Heterogeneous Nanostructures for Biomedical Diagnostics 429Hongyu Yu, Mahsa Rouhanizadeh, Lisong Ai, and Tzung K. Hsiai17 Biomimetic Cortical Nanocircuits 455Alice C. Parker, Aaron K. Friesz, and Ko-Chung Tseng18 Biomedical and Biomedicine Applications of CNTs 483Tulin Mangir19 Nanoscale Image Processing 515Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab20 Concluding Remarks at the Beginning of a New Computing Era 535Varun Bhojwani, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Shawn Singh, and Chun Wing YipIndex 547

Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, PhD, LLM, is an Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering at University of California, Los Angeles, with more than twenty years of teaching and research experience in the field of computer engineering. Dr. Eshaghian-Wilner is best known for her pioneering contributions to optical computing, heterogeneous computing, and nanocomputing. She is licensed to practice before the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and is the recipient of several IEEE and NSF awards.

• Foreword viiPreface ixContributors xiii1 An Introduction to Nanocomputing 1Elaine Ann Ebreo Cara, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Eric Mlinar, Alireza Nojeh, Fady Rofail, Michael M. Safaee, Shawn Singh, Daniel Wu, and Chun Wing Yip2 Nanoscale Devices: Applications and Modeling 31Alireza Nojeh3 Quantum Computing 67John H. Reif4 Computing with Quantum-dot Cellular Automata 111Konrad Walus and Graham A. Jullien5 Dielectrophoretic Architectures 155Alexander D. Wissner-Gross6 Multilevel and Three-dimensional Nanomagnetic Recording 175S. Khizroev, R. Chomko, I. Dumer, and D. Litvinov7 Spin-wave Architectures 203Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Alex Khitun, Shiva Navab, and Kang L. Wang8 Parallel Computing with Spin Waves 225Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab9 Nanoscale Standard Digital Modules 243Shiva Navab10 Fault- and Defect-tolerant Architectures For Nanocomputing 263Sumit Ahuja, Gaurav Singh, Debayan Bhaduri, and Sandeep Shukla11 Molecular Computing: Integration of Molecules For Nanocomputing 295James M. Tour and Lin Zhong12 Self-assembly of Supramolecular Nanostructures: Ordered Arrays of Metal Ions and CarbonNanotubes 327Mario Ruben13 DNA Nanotechnology and Its Biological Applications 349John H. Reif and Thomas H. LaBean14 DNA Sequence Matching at Nanoscale Level 377Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Ling Lau, Shiva Navab, and David D. Shen15 Computational Tasks in Medical Nanorobotics 391Robert A. Freitas, Jr.16 Heterogeneous Nanostructures for Biomedical Diagnostics 429Hongyu Yu, Mahsa Rouhanizadeh, Lisong Ai, and Tzung K. Hsiai17 Biomimetic Cortical Nanocircuits 455Alice C. Parker, Aaron K. Friesz, and Ko-Chung Tseng18 Biomedical and Biomedicine Applications of CNTs 483Tulin Mangir19 Nanoscale Image Processing 515Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab20 Concluding Remarks at the Beginning of a New Computing Era 535Varun Bhojwani, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Shawn Singh, and Chun Wing YipIndex 547

Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, PhD, LLM, is an Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering at University of California, Los Angeles, with more than twenty years of teaching and research experience in the field of computer engineering. Dr. Eshaghian-Wilner is best known for her pioneering contributions to optical computing, heterogeneous computing, and nanocomputing. She is licensed to practice before the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and is the recipient of several IEEE and NSF awards.

• Foreword viiPreface ixContributors xiii1 An Introduction to Nanocomputing 1Elaine Ann Ebreo Cara, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Eric Mlinar, Alireza Nojeh, Fady Rofail, Michael M. Safaee, Shawn Singh, Daniel Wu, and Chun Wing Yip2 Nanoscale Devices: Applications and Modeling 31Alireza Nojeh3 Quantum Computing 67John H. Reif4 Computing with Quantum-dot Cellular Automata 111Konrad Walus and Graham A. Jullien5 Dielectrophoretic Architectures 155Alexander D. Wissner-Gross6 Multilevel and Three-dimensional Nanomagnetic Recording 175S. Khizroev, R. Chomko, I. Dumer, and D. Litvinov7 Spin-wave Architectures 203Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Alex Khitun, Shiva Navab, and Kang L. Wang8 Parallel Computing with Spin Waves 225Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab9 Nanoscale Standard Digital Modules 243Shiva Navab10 Fault- and Defect-tolerant Architectures For Nanocomputing 263Sumit Ahuja, Gaurav Singh, Debayan Bhaduri, and Sandeep Shukla11 Molecular Computing: Integration of Molecules For Nanocomputing 295James M. Tour and Lin Zhong12 Self-assembly of Supramolecular Nanostructures: Ordered Arrays of Metal Ions and CarbonNanotubes 327Mario Ruben13 DNA Nanotechnology and Its Biological Applications 349John H. Reif and Thomas H. LaBean14 DNA Sequence Matching at Nanoscale Level 377Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Ling Lau, Shiva Navab, and David D. Shen15 Computational Tasks in Medical Nanorobotics 391Robert A. Freitas, Jr.16 Heterogeneous Nanostructures for Biomedical Diagnostics 429Hongyu Yu, Mahsa Rouhanizadeh, Lisong Ai, and Tzung K. Hsiai17 Biomimetic Cortical Nanocircuits 455Alice C. Parker, Aaron K. Friesz, and Ko-Chung Tseng18 Biomedical and Biomedicine Applications of CNTs 483Tulin Mangir19 Nanoscale Image Processing 515Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab20 Concluding Remarks at the Beginning of a New Computing Era 535Varun Bhojwani, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Shawn Singh, and Chun Wing YipIndex 547