Jan Harmsen is principal process developer at Shell. He has thirty-two years of industrial experience at Shell with positions in the following departments: exploratory research, development, process design, and chemicals manufacturing. He is also, since 1997, part-time Hoogewerff Professor of Sustainable Chemical Technology at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. Joseph B. Powell is Shell's Chief Scientist, Chemical Engineering. He joined the Process Development Department at Shell's Westhollow Technology Center (Houston) in 1988, where he has led major R&D programs. Dr. Powell has been granted forty-five U.S. patents and several industry awards, including the A. D. Little Award for Chemical Engineering Innovation (AIChE 1998).

• Contributors ix Foreword xiPreface xiii1 Introduction 1Jan Harmsen1.1 Reason for This Book, 11.2 Scope of the Book, 21.3 Use in Education, 21.4 Use in Industry, 32 Sustainability Metrics, Indicators, and Indices for the Process Industries 5Joseph B. Powell2.1 Overview and Scope, 52.2 Hierarchy of SD Metrics, Indices, and Indicators, 72.3 Practical Tools for the Process Industries, 102.4 Summary and Conclusions, 17References, 193 Resource Effi ciency of Chemical Manufacturing Chains: Present and Future 23Jean-Paul Lange3.1 Introduction, 233.2 Resource Efficiency, 243.3 Economic Impact, 323.4 Conclusions, 35References, 354 Regional Integration of Processes, Agriculture, and Society 39Michael Narodoslawsky4.1 The Formative Character of Raw Materials, 394.2 The Systemic Engineering Challenge, 444.3 Regional Integration of Technologies, 46References, 575 Eco-industrial Parks in The Netherlands: The Rotterdam Harbor and Industry Complex 59L. W. Baas and G. Korevaar5.1 Introduction, 595.2 Industrial Ecosystem Programs in Rotterdam, 605.3 Conclusions, 76References, 786 By-product Synergy Networks: Driving Innovation Through Waste Reduction and Carbon Mitigation 81Andrew Mangan and Elsa Olivetti6.1 Introduction, 816.2 BPS Origins, 836.3 The BPS Process, 876.4 Barriers and Challenges, 946.5 Benefi ts and Opportunities, 976.6 Examples, 1006.7 Conclusions, 106References, 1067 Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass For Energy and Chemicals: Technologies at Various Scales 109R. H. Venderbosch and W. Prins7.1 Introduction, 1097.2 Oil Properties, 1147.3 Fast Pyrolysis Process Technologies, 1207.4 Mass and Energy Balance for Production of Bio-oil and Char in a 2-ton/h Wood Plant, 1367.5 Bio-oil Fuel Applications, 1397.6 Chemicals from Bio-oil, 1447.7 Economics, 1487.8 Concluding Remarks, 149References, 1508 Integrated Corn-Based Biorefi nery: A Study in Sustainable Process Development 157Carina Maria Alles and Robin Jenkins8.1 Introduction, 1578.2 Technology Development for an Integrated Corn-Based Biorefi nery, 1598.3 LCA Results: ICBR Versus Benchmarks, 1658.4 Final Refl ections, 168References, 1699 Cellulosic Biofuels: A Sustainable Option for Transportation 171Jean-Paul Lange, Iris Lewandowski, and Paul M. Ayoub9.1 Introduction, 1719.2 Case Studies, 1759.3 Sustainability of Biomass Production, 1839.4 Conclusions and Recommendations for R&D Activities, 194Note Added in Proof, 196References, 19610 Integrated Urea–Melamine Process at DSM: Sustainable Product Development 199Tjien T. Tjioe and Johan T. Tinge10.1 Short Summary of Melamine Development, 19910.2 Current Uses of Melamine, 20010.3 Urea Production, 20110.4 Conventional DSM Stamicarbon Gas-Phase Melamine Production Process, 20210.5 New Integrated Urea–Melamine Process, 20510.6 Conclusions, 207References, 20711 Sustainable Innovation in the Chemical Industry and Its Commercial Impacts 209Joseph B. Powell11.1 Overview, 20911.2 Historical Perspective, 21011.3 Innovations in the Age of Sustainability, 21211.4 Sustainability Driven by Innovation and Performance, 215References, 21612 Implementation of Sustainable Strategies in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Based on the Concept of Cleaner Production 219Johannes Fresner and Jan Sage12.1 Overview, 21912.2 Active Strategies for Sustainable Management, 22012.3 Eloxieranstalt A. Heuberger GmbH: Sustainable Management in an Anodizing Plant, 22112.4 Analysis of the Results, 22612.5 Implementation of Sustainable Strategies, 230Appendix: A Successful Regional Cleaner Production Project, 231References, 23613 Sustainable Concepts in Metals Recycling and Mineral Processing 237Nitosh Kumar Brahma13.1 Overview, 23713.2 Bioleaching Process Design and Development, 23813.3 Bioleaching Reactor Design: Applicability of the Core Particle Model, 24113.4 Industrial Applications, 24313.5 Conclusions, 245References, 24614 Industrial Ecosystem Principles in Industrial Symbiosis: By-product Synergy 249Qingzhong Wu14.1 Introduction, 24914.2 Relationship Between Industrial Symbiosis and Sustainable Development, 25014.3 Challenges, Barriers, and Countermeasures in Exploration, Evaluation, and Implementation of Industrial Symbiosis, 25214.4 What By-Product Synergy Is and Is Not, 25314.5 Work Process and Successful Cases of Industrial Symbiosis, 25414.6 Conclusions and Recommendations, 261References, 263Index 265

Jan Harmsen is principal process developer at Shell. He has thirty-two years of industrial experience at Shell with positions in the following departments: exploratory research, development, process design, and chemicals manufacturing. He is also, since 1997, part-time Hoogewerff Professor of Sustainable Chemical Technology at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. Joseph B. Powell is Shell's Chief Scientist, Chemical Engineering. He joined the Process Development Department at Shell's Westhollow Technology Center (Houston) in 1988, where he has led major R&D programs. Dr. Powell has been granted forty-five U.S. patents and several industry awards, including the A. D. Little Award for Chemical Engineering Innovation (AIChE 1998).

• Contributors ix Foreword xiPreface xiii1 Introduction 1Jan Harmsen1.1 Reason for This Book, 11.2 Scope of the Book, 21.3 Use in Education, 21.4 Use in Industry, 32 Sustainability Metrics, Indicators, and Indices for the Process Industries 5Joseph B. Powell2.1 Overview and Scope, 52.2 Hierarchy of SD Metrics, Indices, and Indicators, 72.3 Practical Tools for the Process Industries, 102.4 Summary and Conclusions, 17References, 193 Resource Effi ciency of Chemical Manufacturing Chains: Present and Future 23Jean-Paul Lange3.1 Introduction, 233.2 Resource Efficiency, 243.3 Economic Impact, 323.4 Conclusions, 35References, 354 Regional Integration of Processes, Agriculture, and Society 39Michael Narodoslawsky4.1 The Formative Character of Raw Materials, 394.2 The Systemic Engineering Challenge, 444.3 Regional Integration of Technologies, 46References, 575 Eco-industrial Parks in The Netherlands: The Rotterdam Harbor and Industry Complex 59L. W. Baas and G. Korevaar5.1 Introduction, 595.2 Industrial Ecosystem Programs in Rotterdam, 605.3 Conclusions, 76References, 786 By-product Synergy Networks: Driving Innovation Through Waste Reduction and Carbon Mitigation 81Andrew Mangan and Elsa Olivetti6.1 Introduction, 816.2 BPS Origins, 836.3 The BPS Process, 876.4 Barriers and Challenges, 946.5 Benefi ts and Opportunities, 976.6 Examples, 1006.7 Conclusions, 106References, 1067 Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass For Energy and Chemicals: Technologies at Various Scales 109R. H. Venderbosch and W. Prins7.1 Introduction, 1097.2 Oil Properties, 1147.3 Fast Pyrolysis Process Technologies, 1207.4 Mass and Energy Balance for Production of Bio-oil and Char in a 2-ton/h Wood Plant, 1367.5 Bio-oil Fuel Applications, 1397.6 Chemicals from Bio-oil, 1447.7 Economics, 1487.8 Concluding Remarks, 149References, 1508 Integrated Corn-Based Biorefi nery: A Study in Sustainable Process Development 157Carina Maria Alles and Robin Jenkins8.1 Introduction, 1578.2 Technology Development for an Integrated Corn-Based Biorefi nery, 1598.3 LCA Results: ICBR Versus Benchmarks, 1658.4 Final Refl ections, 168References, 1699 Cellulosic Biofuels: A Sustainable Option for Transportation 171Jean-Paul Lange, Iris Lewandowski, and Paul M. Ayoub9.1 Introduction, 1719.2 Case Studies, 1759.3 Sustainability of Biomass Production, 1839.4 Conclusions and Recommendations for R&D Activities, 194Note Added in Proof, 196References, 19610 Integrated Urea–Melamine Process at DSM: Sustainable Product Development 199Tjien T. Tjioe and Johan T. Tinge10.1 Short Summary of Melamine Development, 19910.2 Current Uses of Melamine, 20010.3 Urea Production, 20110.4 Conventional DSM Stamicarbon Gas-Phase Melamine Production Process, 20210.5 New Integrated Urea–Melamine Process, 20510.6 Conclusions, 207References, 20711 Sustainable Innovation in the Chemical Industry and Its Commercial Impacts 209Joseph B. Powell11.1 Overview, 20911.2 Historical Perspective, 21011.3 Innovations in the Age of Sustainability, 21211.4 Sustainability Driven by Innovation and Performance, 215References, 21612 Implementation of Sustainable Strategies in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Based on the Concept of Cleaner Production 219Johannes Fresner and Jan Sage12.1 Overview, 21912.2 Active Strategies for Sustainable Management, 22012.3 Eloxieranstalt A. Heuberger GmbH: Sustainable Management in an Anodizing Plant, 22112.4 Analysis of the Results, 22612.5 Implementation of Sustainable Strategies, 230Appendix: A Successful Regional Cleaner Production Project, 231References, 23613 Sustainable Concepts in Metals Recycling and Mineral Processing 237Nitosh Kumar Brahma13.1 Overview, 23713.2 Bioleaching Process Design and Development, 23813.3 Bioleaching Reactor Design: Applicability of the Core Particle Model, 24113.4 Industrial Applications, 24313.5 Conclusions, 245References, 24614 Industrial Ecosystem Principles in Industrial Symbiosis: By-product Synergy 249Qingzhong Wu14.1 Introduction, 24914.2 Relationship Between Industrial Symbiosis and Sustainable Development, 25014.3 Challenges, Barriers, and Countermeasures in Exploration, Evaluation, and Implementation of Industrial Symbiosis, 25214.4 What By-Product Synergy Is and Is Not, 25314.5 Work Process and Successful Cases of Industrial Symbiosis, 25414.6 Conclusions and Recommendations, 261References, 263Index 265

Jan Harmsen is principal process developer at Shell. He has thirty-two years of industrial experience at Shell with positions in the following departments: exploratory research, development, process design, and chemicals manufacturing. He is also, since 1997, part-time Hoogewerff Professor of Sustainable Chemical Technology at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. Joseph B. Powell is Shell's Chief Scientist, Chemical Engineering. He joined the Process Development Department at Shell's Westhollow Technology Center (Houston) in 1988, where he has led major R&D programs. Dr. Powell has been granted forty-five U.S. patents and several industry awards, including the A. D. Little Award for Chemical Engineering Innovation (AIChE 1998).

• Contributors ix Foreword xiPreface xiii1 Introduction 1Jan Harmsen1.1 Reason for This Book, 11.2 Scope of the Book, 21.3 Use in Education, 21.4 Use in Industry, 32 Sustainability Metrics, Indicators, and Indices for the Process Industries 5Joseph B. Powell2.1 Overview and Scope, 52.2 Hierarchy of SD Metrics, Indices, and Indicators, 72.3 Practical Tools for the Process Industries, 102.4 Summary and Conclusions, 17References, 193 Resource Effi ciency of Chemical Manufacturing Chains: Present and Future 23Jean-Paul Lange3.1 Introduction, 233.2 Resource Efficiency, 243.3 Economic Impact, 323.4 Conclusions, 35References, 354 Regional Integration of Processes, Agriculture, and Society 39Michael Narodoslawsky4.1 The Formative Character of Raw Materials, 394.2 The Systemic Engineering Challenge, 444.3 Regional Integration of Technologies, 46References, 575 Eco-industrial Parks in The Netherlands: The Rotterdam Harbor and Industry Complex 59L. W. Baas and G. Korevaar5.1 Introduction, 595.2 Industrial Ecosystem Programs in Rotterdam, 605.3 Conclusions, 76References, 786 By-product Synergy Networks: Driving Innovation Through Waste Reduction and Carbon Mitigation 81Andrew Mangan and Elsa Olivetti6.1 Introduction, 816.2 BPS Origins, 836.3 The BPS Process, 876.4 Barriers and Challenges, 946.5 Benefi ts and Opportunities, 976.6 Examples, 1006.7 Conclusions, 106References, 1067 Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass For Energy and Chemicals: Technologies at Various Scales 109R. H. Venderbosch and W. Prins7.1 Introduction, 1097.2 Oil Properties, 1147.3 Fast Pyrolysis Process Technologies, 1207.4 Mass and Energy Balance for Production of Bio-oil and Char in a 2-ton/h Wood Plant, 1367.5 Bio-oil Fuel Applications, 1397.6 Chemicals from Bio-oil, 1447.7 Economics, 1487.8 Concluding Remarks, 149References, 1508 Integrated Corn-Based Biorefi nery: A Study in Sustainable Process Development 157Carina Maria Alles and Robin Jenkins8.1 Introduction, 1578.2 Technology Development for an Integrated Corn-Based Biorefi nery, 1598.3 LCA Results: ICBR Versus Benchmarks, 1658.4 Final Refl ections, 168References, 1699 Cellulosic Biofuels: A Sustainable Option for Transportation 171Jean-Paul Lange, Iris Lewandowski, and Paul M. Ayoub9.1 Introduction, 1719.2 Case Studies, 1759.3 Sustainability of Biomass Production, 1839.4 Conclusions and Recommendations for R&D Activities, 194Note Added in Proof, 196References, 19610 Integrated Urea–Melamine Process at DSM: Sustainable Product Development 199Tjien T. Tjioe and Johan T. Tinge10.1 Short Summary of Melamine Development, 19910.2 Current Uses of Melamine, 20010.3 Urea Production, 20110.4 Conventional DSM Stamicarbon Gas-Phase Melamine Production Process, 20210.5 New Integrated Urea–Melamine Process, 20510.6 Conclusions, 207References, 20711 Sustainable Innovation in the Chemical Industry and Its Commercial Impacts 209Joseph B. Powell11.1 Overview, 20911.2 Historical Perspective, 21011.3 Innovations in the Age of Sustainability, 21211.4 Sustainability Driven by Innovation and Performance, 215References, 21612 Implementation of Sustainable Strategies in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Based on the Concept of Cleaner Production 219Johannes Fresner and Jan Sage12.1 Overview, 21912.2 Active Strategies for Sustainable Management, 22012.3 Eloxieranstalt A. Heuberger GmbH: Sustainable Management in an Anodizing Plant, 22112.4 Analysis of the Results, 22612.5 Implementation of Sustainable Strategies, 230Appendix: A Successful Regional Cleaner Production Project, 231References, 23613 Sustainable Concepts in Metals Recycling and Mineral Processing 237Nitosh Kumar Brahma13.1 Overview, 23713.2 Bioleaching Process Design and Development, 23813.3 Bioleaching Reactor Design: Applicability of the Core Particle Model, 24113.4 Industrial Applications, 24313.5 Conclusions, 245References, 24614 Industrial Ecosystem Principles in Industrial Symbiosis: By-product Synergy 249Qingzhong Wu14.1 Introduction, 24914.2 Relationship Between Industrial Symbiosis and Sustainable Development, 25014.3 Challenges, Barriers, and Countermeasures in Exploration, Evaluation, and Implementation of Industrial Symbiosis, 25214.4 What By-Product Synergy Is and Is Not, 25314.5 Work Process and Successful Cases of Industrial Symbiosis, 25414.6 Conclusions and Recommendations, 261References, 263Index 265