John A. Sokolowski, PhD, is Research Professor and Director of Research at the Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center (VMASC) at Old Dominion University. He has authored numerous journal articles on the use of modeling and simulation techniques in the fields of engineering, computer science, and human behavior representation. Catherine M. Banks, PhD, is Research Assistant Professor at the Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center (VMASC) at Old Dominion University. The author of many published articles on modeling and simulation, Dr. Banks currently focuses her research on modeling states and their varied histories of revolution and insurgency, political economy and state volatility, and global warming and population dynamics.

"This work could supplement a graduate course on modeling and simulation (selected chapters could supplement an undergraduate course) and would be of interest to graduate students and professionals wishing to learn some of the basics of modeling and simulation." (CHOICE, December 2009)

• Preface xiContributors xiiiPart One Principles of Modeling and Simulation: A Multidisciplinary Approach1. What Is Modeling and Simulation? 3Catherine M. BanksIntroduction 3Models: Approximations of Real-World Events 5A Brief History of Modeling and Simulation 7Application Areas 15Using Modeling and Simulation: Advantages and Disadvantages 21Conclusion 22Key Terms 23Further Reading 23References 232. The Role of Modeling and Simulation 25Paul F. Reynolds, Jr.Introduction 25Using Simulations to Solve Problems 26Uncertainty and Its Effects 34Gaining Insight 37A Simulation’s Lifetime 40Conclusion 42Key Terms 42Further Reading 42Part Two Theoretical Underpinnings3. Simulation: Models That Vary over Time 47John A. SokolowskiIntroduction 47Discrete Event Simulation 48Continuous Simulation 58Conclusion 69Key Terms 69Reference 694. Queue Modeling and Simulation 71Paul A. Fishwick and Hyungwook ParkIntroduction 71Analytical Solution 72Queuing Models 74Sequential Simulation 79SimPack Queuing Implementation 81Parallel Simulation 87Conclusion 88Key Terms 89Further Reading 89References 895. Human Interaction with Simulations 91Michael P. Bailey and Ahmed K. NoorIntroduction 91Simulation and Data Dependency 91Visual Representation 103Conclusion 116Key Terms 117References 1176. Verification and Validation 121Mikel D. PettyIntroduction 121Performing Verification and Validation 128Verification and Validation Examples 141Conclusion 147Key Terms 147References 147Part Three Practical Domains7. Uses of Simulation 153Tuncer I. ÖrenIntroduction 153The Many Facets of Simulation 154Experimentation Aspect of Simulation 156Experience Aspect of Simulation 159Examples of Uses of Simulation 160Ethics in the Use of Simulation 170Some Excuses to Avoid Using Simulation 170Conclusion 171Key Terms 171Further Exploration 171Appendix A Simulation Associations/Groups/Research Centers 172References 1788. Modeling and Simulation: Real-World Examples 181Michael D. Fontaine, David P. Cook, C. Donald Combs, John A. Sokolowski, and Catherine M. BanksIntroduction 181Transportation Modeling and Simulation 181Business Modeling and Simulation 198Medical Modeling and Simulation 209Social Science Modeling and Simulation 230Conclusion 241Key Terms 242Further Reading 242References 2429. The Future of Simulation 247R. Bowen LoftinIntroduction 247A Brief and Selective History of Simulation 248Convergent Simulations 249Serious Games 249Human-Simulator Interfaces 250Computing Technology 253The Role of Education in Simulation 253The Future of Simulation 254Key Terms 255Index 257

John A. Sokolowski, PhD, is Research Professor and Director of Research at the Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center (VMASC) at Old Dominion University. He has authored numerous journal articles on the use of modeling and simulation techniques in the fields of engineering, computer science, and human behavior representation. Catherine M. Banks, PhD, is Research Assistant Professor at the Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center (VMASC) at Old Dominion University. The author of many published articles on modeling and simulation, Dr. Banks currently focuses her research on modeling states and their varied histories of revolution and insurgency, political economy and state volatility, and global warming and population dynamics.

"This work could supplement a graduate course on modeling and simulation (selected chapters could supplement an undergraduate course) and would be of interest to graduate students and professionals wishing to learn some of the basics of modeling and simulation." (CHOICE, December 2009)

• Preface xiContributors xiiiPart One Principles of Modeling and Simulation: A Multidisciplinary Approach1. What Is Modeling and Simulation? 3Catherine M. BanksIntroduction 3Models: Approximations of Real-World Events 5A Brief History of Modeling and Simulation 7Application Areas 15Using Modeling and Simulation: Advantages and Disadvantages 21Conclusion 22Key Terms 23Further Reading 23References 232. The Role of Modeling and Simulation 25Paul F. Reynolds, Jr.Introduction 25Using Simulations to Solve Problems 26Uncertainty and Its Effects 34Gaining Insight 37A Simulation’s Lifetime 40Conclusion 42Key Terms 42Further Reading 42Part Two Theoretical Underpinnings3. Simulation: Models That Vary over Time 47John A. SokolowskiIntroduction 47Discrete Event Simulation 48Continuous Simulation 58Conclusion 69Key Terms 69Reference 694. Queue Modeling and Simulation 71Paul A. Fishwick and Hyungwook ParkIntroduction 71Analytical Solution 72Queuing Models 74Sequential Simulation 79SimPack Queuing Implementation 81Parallel Simulation 87Conclusion 88Key Terms 89Further Reading 89References 895. Human Interaction with Simulations 91Michael P. Bailey and Ahmed K. NoorIntroduction 91Simulation and Data Dependency 91Visual Representation 103Conclusion 116Key Terms 117References 1176. Verification and Validation 121Mikel D. PettyIntroduction 121Performing Verification and Validation 128Verification and Validation Examples 141Conclusion 147Key Terms 147References 147Part Three Practical Domains7. Uses of Simulation 153Tuncer I. ÖrenIntroduction 153The Many Facets of Simulation 154Experimentation Aspect of Simulation 156Experience Aspect of Simulation 159Examples of Uses of Simulation 160Ethics in the Use of Simulation 170Some Excuses to Avoid Using Simulation 170Conclusion 171Key Terms 171Further Exploration 171Appendix A Simulation Associations/Groups/Research Centers 172References 1788. Modeling and Simulation: Real-World Examples 181Michael D. Fontaine, David P. Cook, C. Donald Combs, John A. Sokolowski, and Catherine M. BanksIntroduction 181Transportation Modeling and Simulation 181Business Modeling and Simulation 198Medical Modeling and Simulation 209Social Science Modeling and Simulation 230Conclusion 241Key Terms 242Further Reading 242References 2429. The Future of Simulation 247R. Bowen LoftinIntroduction 247A Brief and Selective History of Simulation 248Convergent Simulations 249Serious Games 249Human-Simulator Interfaces 250Computing Technology 253The Role of Education in Simulation 253The Future of Simulation 254Key Terms 255Index 257

John A. Sokolowski, PhD, is Research Professor and Director of Research at the Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center (VMASC) at Old Dominion University. He has authored numerous journal articles on the use of modeling and simulation techniques in the fields of engineering, computer science, and human behavior representation. Catherine M. Banks, PhD, is Research Assistant Professor at the Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center (VMASC) at Old Dominion University. The author of many published articles on modeling and simulation, Dr. Banks currently focuses her research on modeling states and their varied histories of revolution and insurgency, political economy and state volatility, and global warming and population dynamics.

"This work could supplement a graduate course on modeling and simulation (selected chapters could supplement an undergraduate course) and would be of interest to graduate students and professionals wishing to learn some of the basics of modeling and simulation." (CHOICE, December 2009)

• Preface xiContributors xiiiPart One Principles of Modeling and Simulation: A Multidisciplinary Approach1. What Is Modeling and Simulation? 3Catherine M. BanksIntroduction 3Models: Approximations of Real-World Events 5A Brief History of Modeling and Simulation 7Application Areas 15Using Modeling and Simulation: Advantages and Disadvantages 21Conclusion 22Key Terms 23Further Reading 23References 232. The Role of Modeling and Simulation 25Paul F. Reynolds, Jr.Introduction 25Using Simulations to Solve Problems 26Uncertainty and Its Effects 34Gaining Insight 37A Simulation’s Lifetime 40Conclusion 42Key Terms 42Further Reading 42Part Two Theoretical Underpinnings3. Simulation: Models That Vary over Time 47John A. SokolowskiIntroduction 47Discrete Event Simulation 48Continuous Simulation 58Conclusion 69Key Terms 69Reference 694. Queue Modeling and Simulation 71Paul A. Fishwick and Hyungwook ParkIntroduction 71Analytical Solution 72Queuing Models 74Sequential Simulation 79SimPack Queuing Implementation 81Parallel Simulation 87Conclusion 88Key Terms 89Further Reading 89References 895. Human Interaction with Simulations 91Michael P. Bailey and Ahmed K. NoorIntroduction 91Simulation and Data Dependency 91Visual Representation 103Conclusion 116Key Terms 117References 1176. Verification and Validation 121Mikel D. PettyIntroduction 121Performing Verification and Validation 128Verification and Validation Examples 141Conclusion 147Key Terms 147References 147Part Three Practical Domains7. Uses of Simulation 153Tuncer I. ÖrenIntroduction 153The Many Facets of Simulation 154Experimentation Aspect of Simulation 156Experience Aspect of Simulation 159Examples of Uses of Simulation 160Ethics in the Use of Simulation 170Some Excuses to Avoid Using Simulation 170Conclusion 171Key Terms 171Further Exploration 171Appendix A Simulation Associations/Groups/Research Centers 172References 1788. Modeling and Simulation: Real-World Examples 181Michael D. Fontaine, David P. Cook, C. Donald Combs, John A. Sokolowski, and Catherine M. BanksIntroduction 181Transportation Modeling and Simulation 181Business Modeling and Simulation 198Medical Modeling and Simulation 209Social Science Modeling and Simulation 230Conclusion 241Key Terms 242Further Reading 242References 2429. The Future of Simulation 247R. Bowen LoftinIntroduction 247A Brief and Selective History of Simulation 248Convergent Simulations 249Serious Games 249Human-Simulator Interfaces 250Computing Technology 253The Role of Education in Simulation 253The Future of Simulation 254Key Terms 255Index 257