Green Chemistry and Engineering

ANNE E. MARTEEL-PARRISH, PhD, is Chair of the Chemistry Department at Washington College, in Maryland, and the inaugural holder of the college's Frank J. Creegan Chair in Green Chemistry. Among her honors, Dr. Marteel-Parrish is the recipient of the American Chemical Society's Committee on Environmental Improvement Award for Incorporating Sustainability into Chemistry Education.MARTIN A. ABRAHAM, PhD, is Professor of Chemical Engineering and Founding Dean of the College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics at Youngstown State University. A Fellow of the American Chemical Society and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Dr. Abraham maintains an active research program in reaction engineering and catalysis. He also serves as Editor for the AIChE's quarterly journal Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy.

• Preface xiii1 Understanding the Issues 11.1 A Brief History of Chemistry 11.1.1 Fermentation: An Ancient Chemical Process 21.1.2 The Advent of Modern Chemistry 21.1.3 Chemistry in the 20th Century: The Growth of Modern Processes 21.1.4 Risks of Chemicals in the Environment 61.1.5 Regulations: Controlling Chemical Processes 111.2 Twenty-first Century Chemistry, aka Green Chemistry 131.2.1 Green chemistry and Pollution Prevention 131.2.2 Sustainability 141.3 Layout of the Book 18References 192 Principles of Green Chemistry and Green Engineering 212.1 Introduction 212.2 Green Chemistry 232.2.1 Definition 232.2.2 Principles of Green Chemistry and Examples 242.2.3 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards 312.3 Green Engineering 342.3.1 Definition 342.3.2 Principles of Green Engineering 352.4 Sustainability 38References 413 Chemistry as An Underlying Force In Ecosystem Interactions 433.1 Nature and the Environment 443.1.1 Air and the Atmosphere (Outdoor and Indoor Pollution) 443.1.2 Water (Water Pollutants, Issues Associated with Nonpotable Drinking Water) 523.1.3 Chemistry of the Land 533.1.4 Energy 563.2 Pollution Prevention (P2) 613.3 Ecotoxicology 623.4 Environmental Assessment Analysis 643.5 What Can You Do to Make a Difference? 68References 704 Matter: the Heart of Green Chemistry 734.1 Matter: Definition, Classification, and the Periodic Table 734.1.1 Aluminum (Al) 754.1.2 Mercury (Hg) 764.1.3 Lead (Pb) 774.2 Atomic Structure 774.3 Three States of Matter 794.4 Molecular and Ionic Compounds 814.4.1 Molecular Compounds 824.4.2 Ionic Compounds 944.5 Chemical Reactions 1004.6 Mixtures, Acids, and Bases 102References 1075 Chemical Reactions 1095.1 Definition of Chemical Reactions and Balancing of Chemical Equations 1095.2 Chemical Reactions and Quantities of Reactants and Products 1125.3 Patterns of Chemical Reactions 1155.3.1 Combination, Synthesis, or Addition Reactions 1155.3.2 Decomposition Reactions 1175.3.3 Elimination Reactions 1175.3.4 Displacement Reactions 1185.3.5 Exchange or Substitution Reactions 1245.4 Effectiveness and Efficiency of Chemical Reactions: Yield Versus Atom Economy 135Reference 1386 Kinetics, Catalysis, and Reaction Engineering 1396.1 Basic Concept of Rate 1396.1.1 Definition of Reaction Rate 1396.1.2 Parallel Reactions 1426.1.3 Consecutive Reactions 1466.1.4 Chemical Equilibrium 1506.1.5 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate 1536.1.6 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate 1596.2 Role of Industrial and Biological Catalysts 1626.2.1 Definition of Catalysts 1626.2.2 Catalytic Kinetics 1666.2.3 Types of Catalysts and Impact on Green Chemistry 1706.2.4 Biocatalysis 1756.3 Reaction Engineering 1816.3.1 Batch Reactor 1816.3.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor 1846.3.3 Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) 1886.3.4 Multiphase Reactor Design 1916.4 Summary 194References 1947 Thermodynamics, Separations, and Equilibrium 1977.1 Ideal Gases 1977.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2017.2.1 Closed System 2037.2.2 Open System 2047.3 Ideal Gas Calculations 2057.4 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 2107.5 Real Gas Properties 2147.6 The Phase Diagram 2177.7 Equilibrium 2217.7.1 The Flash Calculation 2277.8 Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid 2297.9 Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid 2307.10 Summary 233References 2338 Renewable Materials 2358.1 Introduction 2358.2 Renewable Feedstocks 2368.2.1 Role of Biomass and Components 2368.2.2 Production of Chemicals from Renewable Resources 2428.3 Applications of Renewable Materials 2518.3.1 The Case of Biodegradable Plastics 2518.3.2 The Case of Compostable Chemicals 2548.3.3 Production of Ethanol from Biomass 2548.3.4 The Case of Flex-Fuel Vehicles 2568.3.5 Production of Biodiesel 2588.4 Conclusion 261References 2619 Current and Future State of Energy Production And Consumption 2639.1 Introduction 2639.2 Basic Thermodynamic Functions and Applications 2679.3 Other Chemical Processes for Energy Transfer 2729.3.1 Microwave-Assisted Reactions 2729.3.2 Sonochemistry 2739.3.3 Electrochemistry 2739.3.4 Photochemistry and Photovoltaic Cells 2749.4 Renewable Sources of Energy in the 21st Century and Beyond 2759.4.1 Solar Energy 2759.4.2 Wind Power 2799.4.3 Geothermal Solution 2819.4.4 Hydropower 2839.4.5 The Case of Hydrogen Technology 2849.4.6 Barriers to Development 2859.5 Concluding Thoughts About Sources of Energy and their Future 285References 28610 the Economics of Green and Sustainable ChemistryBy David E. Meyer and Michael A. Gonzalez 28710.1 Introduction 28710.2 Chemical Manufacturing and Economic Theory 28910.2.1 Plant (Microscale) Scale Economics 29010.2.2 Corporate Economics 29010.2.3 Macroeconomics 29210.3 Economic Impact of Green Chemistry 29310.4 Business Strategies Regarding Application of Green Chemistry 30610.5 Incorporation of Green Chemistry in Process Design for Sustainability 31010.6 Case Studies Demonstrating the Economic Benefits of Green Chemistry and Design 31710.7 Summary 321References 32211 Green Chemistry and Toxicology325By Dale E. Johnson and Grace L. Anderson11.1 Introduction 32511.2 Fundamental Principles of Toxicology 32611.2.1 Basic Concepts 32611.2.2 Toxicokinetics 33011.2.3 Cellular Toxicity 33311.3 Identifying Chemicals of Concern 33511.3.1 Mode of Action Approaches 33611.3.2 Adverse Outcome Pathways 33711.3.3 Threshold of Toxicological Concern 33811.3.4 Chemistry-Linked-to-Toxicity: Structural Alerts and Mechanistic Domains 33811.4 Toxicology Data 33911.4.1 Authoritative Sources of Information 33911.4.2 Data Gaps: The Challenge and the Opportunity Arising from New Technologies 34011.5 Computational Toxicology and Green Chemistry 34111.5.1 Tools for Predictions and Modeling 34111.5.2 Interoperability of Models for Decision Making and the Case for Metadata 34611.6 Applications of Toxicology into Green Chemistry Initiatives 34611.6.1 Reach 34611.6.2 State of California Green Chemistry Initiatives 34811.7 Future Perspectives 349References 350Index 355