Introducing Global Health: Practice, Policy, and Solutions

Peter Muennig, MD, MPH, is associate professor of health policy and management at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York. He cofounded the Burmese Refugee Pro- ject, has consulted for various governments, and has won a national teaching award in public health.Celina Su, PhD, is associate professor of political science at the City University of New York. She has written two books on education policy and politics, cofounded the Burmese Refugee Project, and she is a steering committee member of New York City's participatory budgeting. Her honors include the Berlin Prize.

• Figures and Tables ixThe Authors xiiiIntroduction: An Overview of Global Health xvPart 1 The Basics of Global Health 11 A Very Brief History of Global Health Policy 3Key Ideas 3Health and Public Policy Through the Twentieth Century 4The Age of Global Health Policy 11The Fall of Global Governance 16The Millennium Development Goals 19An Alternative History 21Love and Health in Modern Times 25Summary 27Key Terms 27Discussion Questions 27Further Reading 28References 282 Case Studies in Development and Health 31Key Ideas 31The Puzzle of “Good” Development for Health 33The Next Superpowers? Taking a Closer Look at Middle-Income Countries 37Growth-Mediated Models 40Support-Led Models 41Toward a Happy Medium? 43China’s Explosive Growth 45Kerala’s Quality of Life 49Chile Aims for a Balancing Act 52Summary 56Key Terms 56Discussion Questions 56Further Reading 57References 57Part 2 Global Health and the Art of Policy Making 613 The Global Burden of Disease 63Key Ideas 63Who Dies Where? 64Counting Global Deaths (with an Eye Toward Saving Lives) 69Dead Children Make for Bad Statistics 73The Health Effects of Evil Genies 74Quantifying the Global Burden of Disease 77Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 81Summary 83Key Terms 84Discussion Questions 84Further Reading 84References 844 Aid 87Key Ideas 87Different Types of Aid 88The Aid Controversy 91Models of Global Aid for Public Health 92Argument: Aid Is Harmful 95Argument: Aid Is Poorly Managed 97Argument: Aid Is Misused 99Argument: “Aid” Further Consolidates Power for the Powerful 101Argument: All Is Well, Just Send More 102Argument: We Are Making Progress, But the Hurdles Are High 102Summary 104Key Terms 105Discussion Questions 105Further Reading 106References 1065 Health Systems 109Key Ideas 109Health Care Delivery Systems 111Health Care Payments 114Health Care Markets 116Health Care Delivery Systems in High-Income Countries 117Health Care Delivery Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 124Pharmaceutical Spending 132What Makes Us Healthy? 134Summary 138Key Terms 138Discussion Questions 139Further Reading 139References 1396 Social Policy and Global Health 143Key Ideas 143How Policies Are Made 144Political Economy and Health 151Lessons for Health-Optimizing Social Policies 164Summary 165Key Terms 166Discussion Questions 166Further Reading 166References 1667 A Closer Look at Three Political Economies: China, Kerala, and Chile 169Key Ideas 169China: Sustainable State of Development? 170Kerala: Experiments with Radical Decentralization 176Chile: A Precarious Third Way 181Summary 190Discussion Questions 190Further Reading 191References 1918 Global Governance and Health 193Key Ideas 193The World Health Organization 194The World Trade Organization 197An Evolution of Global Governance 200Summary 208Key Terms 209Discussion Questions 209Further Reading 209References 210Part 3 Key Challenges in Global Health 2139 Poverty 215Key Ideas 215Income and Health Across Nations 216Definitions of Poverty 218Why Do We Worry About Poverty in Public Health? 222Poverty in Less-Developed Nations 228Poverty and Health Among Wealthy Nations 232The Complexities of Poverty 240Summary 240Key Terms 241Discussion Questions 241Further Reading 241References 24110 The Physical Environment and Disease 245Key Ideas 245Infectious Disease and Development 246Malaria and Other Mosquito-Borne Illnesses 251Air Pollution and Health 255Outer-Ring Development and Health259Climate Change and Health 262Summary 267Key Terms 267Discussion Questions 267Further Reading 268References 26811 The Social Environment and Disease 271Key Ideas 271The Ultimate Trifecta: Race, Class, and Gender 272The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 282Tuberculosis 286Social Networks and Chronic Disease 289Individual Risk Behaviors, Urban Planning, and Health 292Summary 297Key Terms 297Discussion Questions 298Further Reading 298References 29812 Globalization, Internal Conflict, and the Resource Curse 303Key Ideas 303Globalization and Health 303Spillover Effects of Poor Global Governance 307Civil Conflict as a Public Health Problem 308Resource Curses and Civil Conflict 310Natural Resources and Civil War 316Summary 319Key Terms 320Discussion Questions 320Further Reading 321References 32113 Frontiers in Global Health 325Key Ideas 325The Many Levels of Health 328Tidings, Good or Bad, Come in Clusters 331Working with the System 333A Rise in Targeted Social Policy Interventions 338Innovations in Administration and Governance 347Lessons on Social Policy Interventions 349Summary 349Key Terms 350Discussion Questions 350Further Reading 350References 351Index 357