Born in London in 1951 and a student at the University of Leeds, Mike Begon has spent his whole scientific career at the University of Liverpool, where he is now Professor of Ecology, specializing in the population and community ecology of infectious diseases in wildlife. Colin Townsend obtained his DPhil at the University of Sussex before taking up teaching positions at Oxford University and the University of East Anglia. In 1989 he moved from the UK to New Zealand to the University of Otago where he was chair of the Zoology Department, and is now Director of the Ecology, Conservation and Biodiversity Research Group. He was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1997.John Harper is an award-winning biologist and a leading figure in plant population biology. He has served as a council member of the fellowship of the Royal Society and received the Darwin Award in 1990. He is also the author of Population Biology of Plants and co-author of Essentials of Ecology.Jim Fowler, Principal Lecturer, Department of Biological Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.Lou Cohen, Emeritus Professor of Education, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough, UK.Phil Jarvis, Senior Statistician, Safety of Medicines, Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, UK.

• Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems, 4ePreface, viiIntroduction: Ecology and its Domain, xiPart 1: Organisms1 Organisms in their Environments: the Evolutionary Backdrop, 32 Conditions, 303 Resources, 584 Life, Death and Life Histories, 895 Intraspecific Competition, 1326 Dispersal, Dormancy and Metapopulations, 1637 Ecological Applications at the Level of Organisms and Single-Species Populations: Restoration, Biosecurity and Conservation, 186Part 2: Species Interactions8 Interspecific Competition, 2279 The Nature of Predation, 26610 The Population Dynamics of Predation, 29711 Decomposers and Detritivores, 32612 Parasitism and Disease, 34713 Symbiosis and Mutualism, 38114 Abundance, 41015 Ecological Applications at the Level of Population Interactions: Pest Control and Harvest Management, 439Part 3: Communities and Ecosystems16 The Nature of the Community: Patterns in Space and Time, 46917 The Flux of Energy through Ecosystems, 49918 The Flux of Matter through Ecosystems, 52519 The Influence of Population Interactions on Community Structure, 55020 Food Webs, 57821 Patterns in Species Richness, 60222 Ecological Applications at the Level of Communities and Ecosystems: Management Based on the Theory of Succession, Food Webs, Ecosystem Functioning and Biodiversity, 633References, 659Organism Index, 701Subject Index, 714Color plate sectionPractical Statistics for Field Biolog, 2ePreface xi1 Introduction 12 Measurement and Sampling Concepts 33 Processing Data 84 Presenting Data 185 Measuring the Average 266 Measuring Variability 357 Probability 428 Probability Distributions as Models of Dispersion 629 The Normal Distribution 7410 Data Transformation 8311 How Good are Our Estimates? 9012 The Basis of Statistical Testing 10413 Analysing Frequencies 11114 Measuring Correlations 13015 Regression Analysis 14216 Comparing Averages 16517 Analysis of Variance - ANOVA 17918 Multivariate Analysis 210AppendicesBibliography and Further Reading 256Index 257

Born in London in 1951 and a student at the University of Leeds, Mike Begon has spent his whole scientific career at the University of Liverpool, where he is now Professor of Ecology, specializing in the population and community ecology of infectious diseases in wildlife. Colin Townsend obtained his DPhil at the University of Sussex before taking up teaching positions at Oxford University and the University of East Anglia. In 1989 he moved from the UK to New Zealand to the University of Otago where he was chair of the Zoology Department, and is now Director of the Ecology, Conservation and Biodiversity Research Group. He was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1997.John Harper is an award-winning biologist and a leading figure in plant population biology. He has served as a council member of the fellowship of the Royal Society and received the Darwin Award in 1990. He is also the author of Population Biology of Plants and co-author of Essentials of Ecology.Jim Fowler, Principal Lecturer, Department of Biological Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.Lou Cohen, Emeritus Professor of Education, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough, UK.Phil Jarvis, Senior Statistician, Safety of Medicines, Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, UK.

• Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems, 4ePreface, viiIntroduction: Ecology and its Domain, xiPart 1: Organisms1 Organisms in their Environments: the Evolutionary Backdrop, 32 Conditions, 303 Resources, 584 Life, Death and Life Histories, 895 Intraspecific Competition, 1326 Dispersal, Dormancy and Metapopulations, 1637 Ecological Applications at the Level of Organisms and Single-Species Populations: Restoration, Biosecurity and Conservation, 186Part 2: Species Interactions8 Interspecific Competition, 2279 The Nature of Predation, 26610 The Population Dynamics of Predation, 29711 Decomposers and Detritivores, 32612 Parasitism and Disease, 34713 Symbiosis and Mutualism, 38114 Abundance, 41015 Ecological Applications at the Level of Population Interactions: Pest Control and Harvest Management, 439Part 3: Communities and Ecosystems16 The Nature of the Community: Patterns in Space and Time, 46917 The Flux of Energy through Ecosystems, 49918 The Flux of Matter through Ecosystems, 52519 The Influence of Population Interactions on Community Structure, 55020 Food Webs, 57821 Patterns in Species Richness, 60222 Ecological Applications at the Level of Communities and Ecosystems: Management Based on the Theory of Succession, Food Webs, Ecosystem Functioning and Biodiversity, 633References, 659Organism Index, 701Subject Index, 714Color plate sectionPractical Statistics for Field Biolog, 2ePreface xi1 Introduction 12 Measurement and Sampling Concepts 33 Processing Data 84 Presenting Data 185 Measuring the Average 266 Measuring Variability 357 Probability 428 Probability Distributions as Models of Dispersion 629 The Normal Distribution 7410 Data Transformation 8311 How Good are Our Estimates? 9012 The Basis of Statistical Testing 10413 Analysing Frequencies 11114 Measuring Correlations 13015 Regression Analysis 14216 Comparing Averages 16517 Analysis of Variance - ANOVA 17918 Multivariate Analysis 210AppendicesBibliography and Further Reading 256Index 257