Intracellular Calcium, 2 Volume Set

Professor Anthony K. Campbell is Professor in Medical Biochemistry, Cardiff University. He obtained an exhibition at Pembroke College, Cambridge, and then a first class degree in Natural Sciences, and a PhD in Biochemistry at Cambridge University. He moved to Cardiff as lecturer in Medical Biochemistry at the then Welsh National School of Medicine in 1970, and the Professor in Medical Biochemistry, followed by Professor in the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at Cardiff University. He has studied intracellular calcium as a cell regulator for over 40 years, pioneering the application of Ca2+-activated photoproteins to measure free Ca2+ in live animal, plant, bacterial and archaeal cells. He is a world authority on bioluminescence, developing the use of genetically engineered bioluminescence to measure chemical processes in live cells. One of his inventions, using chemiluminescence, is now used in several hundred million clinical tests per year worldwide, was awarded the Queen’s Anniversary Prize in 1998, and was selected by the Eureka project of Universities UK in 2006 as one of the top hundred inventions and discoveries from UK Universities in the past fifty years. For the past 15 years his research focus has been lactose and food intolerance, which has led to a new hypothesis on the cause of irritable bowel syndrome, and the mystery illness which afflicted Charles Darwin for 50 years, but was never cured. He is now investigating the relevance of this hypothesis to the current diabetic epidemic, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. He has published 9 books, and over 250 internationally peer-reviewed papers on intracellular calcium, bioluminescence, lactose and food intolerance. Several of his patents have been exploited throughout the world.

• About the Author xviiPreface xixAbout the Companion Website xxiiiVOLUME ONE1 Setting the Scene: What is So Special About Calcium? 11.1 Discovery of Calcium 21.2 A Natural History of Calcium 41.3 Elements of Life 81.4 Natural Occurrence of Calcium 111.5 Requirement of Cells for Ca2+ 191.6 Four Biological Roles of Calcium 231.7 The Puzzle About Ca2+ Inside Cells 291.8 1983 and All That 301.9 Darwin and Intracellular Ca2+ 331.10 The Scene Set 341.11 'Ja Kalzium, das ist alles!' 362 Intracellular Ca2+ – Principles and Terminology 392.1 The Problem 412.2 Some Specific Questions 412.3 Types of Intracellular Ca2+ Signal 442.4 Rubicon Principle 482.5 Key Experiments to Answer Key Questions 542.6 Nomenclature – How Things are Named 572.7 Model Systems 732.8 Darwin and Intracellular Ca2+ 732.9 Conclusions 793 One Hundred Years Plus of Intracellular Ca2+ 813.1 Background 813.2 Why Study the History of Science? 853.3 Tale of Three Pioneers and What Followed 863.4 Ca2+ as an Intracellular Regulator 953.5 Conceptual Development of Ca2+ as an Intracellular Regulator 1243.6 Conclusions 1274 How to Study Intracellular Ca2+ as Cell Regulator 1294.1 Pathway to Discover the Role of Intracellular Ca2+ in a Cell Event 1304.2 Manipulation of Extra- and Intracellular Ca2+ 1314.3 Measurement of Intracellular Free Ca2+ 1354.4 Detecting and Imaging Photons 1664.5 Measurement of Total Cell Ca2+ 1744.6 Calcium Buffers 1764.7 Measurement of Ca2+ Fluxes 1794.8 How to Study Ca2+ and Other Ion Channels 1804.9 How to Discover How the Rise in Cytosolic Free Ca2+ Occurs and Then Returns to Rest 1834.10 How to Discover the Intracellular Ca2+ Target and How it Works 1844.11 Other Ions 1854.12 Conclusions 1855 HowCa2+ is Regulated Inside Cells 1875.1 Principles 1875.2 How Resting Cells Maintain Their Ca2+ Balance 1915.3 Electrophysiology of Intracellular Ca2+ 1945.4 Primary Stimuli Which Produce a Cytosolic Free Ca2+ Signal 2005.5 Plasma Membrane Ca2+ Channels 2045.6 Regulation of Intracellular Ca2+ By, and Within, Organelles 2225.7 Second Messengers and Regulation of Ca2+ Signalling in the Cytosol 2515.8 Pore Formers and Intracellular Ca2+ 2555.9 Connexins and Gap Junctions 2565.10 Other Ion Channels and Ca2+ 2575.11 Conclusions 2576 HowCa2+ Works Inside Cells 2596.1 Biological Chemistry of Ca2+ 2616.2 Ca2+-Binding Proteins 2776.3 Ca2+ and Other Intracellular Signals 2986.4 Ca2+ and Monovalent Ions 3056.5 Transition Metals, Other Divalent Cations and Lanthanides 3096.6 Conclusions 3107 HowCa2+ Regulates Animal Cell Physiology 3137.1 Ca2+ and How Nerves Work 3147.2 Ca2+ and Cell Movement 3177.3 Muscle Contraction 3177.4 Chemotaxis and Ca2+ 3307.5 Intracellular Ca2+ and Secretion 3347.6 Ca2+ and Endocytosis 3517.7 Intracellular Ca2+ and Intermediary Metabolism 3547.8 Intracellular Ca2+ and Cell Growth 3607.9 Intracellular Ca2+ and the Immune Response 3717.10 Intracellular Ca2+ and Vision 3737.11 Intracellular Ca2+ and Other Senses 3787.12 Ca2+ and Bioluminescence 3787.13 Intracellular Ca2+ and Gene Expression 3867.14 Conclusions 386VOLUME TWO8 Intracellular Ca2+ and Microorganisms 3898.1 The Puzzle 3898.2 What Are Microorganisms? 3918.3 What Do Microorganisms Do? 3918.4 Indirect Evidence of a Role for Intracellular Ca2+ in Bacteria 3938.5 Potential Role of Intracellular Ca2+ in Bacteria 3948.6 How Much Ca2+ is There in Bacteria? 3978.7 How Bacteria Regulate Their Intracellular Ca2 3988.8 Ca2+-Binding Proteins in Bacteria 4068.9 Regulation of Bacterial Events by Intracellular Ca2+ 4068.10 Role of Intracellular Ca2+ in Archaea 4268.11 Intracellular Ca2+ and Viruses 4308.12 Intracellular Ca2+ and Eukaryotic Microorganisms 4338.13 Conclusions 4409 Role of Intracellular Ca2+ in Plants and Fungi 4439.1 Role of Ca2+ in Plants 4439.2 What Stimulates Plants? 4449.3 Requirement of Plants for Ca2+ 4479.4 Where Ca2+ is Stored in Plants 4499.5 Measurement of Cytosolic Free Ca2+ in Plants 4499.6 Identification of the Components of the Ca2+ Signalling System in Plants 4559.7 How Intracellular Ca2+ Can Provoke Cellular Events in Plants 4609.8 Fungal Elicitors 4679.9 Apoptosis 4679.10 Intracellular Ca2+ and Plant Pathology 4679.11 Ca2+ in Mosses, Liverworts and Ferns 4689.12 Darwin and Plants 4699.13 Ca2+ in Fungi 4699.13.1 Biology of Fungi 4699.14 Ca2+ and Slime Moulds 4729.15 Conclusions 47210 Pathology of Intracellular Ca2+ 47310.1 What is Pathology? 47310.2 Types of Pathology 47410.3 Intracellular Ca2+ – Friend or Foe? 47510.4 Intracellular Ca2+ and Cell Death 47610.5 Genetic Abnormalities in Ca2+ Signalling Proteins 48310.6 Oxygen and Cell Pathology 48710.7 Inappropriate Ca2+ Signalling 49010.8 ER Stress Response 49410.9 Conclusions 49811 Pharmacology of Intracellular Ca2+ 49911.1 Background to Compounds That Interact With Intracellular Ca2+ and Ca2+ Movement 49911.2 Pharmacological Targets for Intracellular Ca2+ 50411.3 Drugs Used Clinically That Interfere With Intracellular Ca2+ 50511.4 Anaesthetics 50611.5 Ca2+ Channel Effectors 50811.6 Hypertension 51611.7 Arrhythmia, Tachycardia and Bradycardia 51711.8 Angina 51711.9 Heart Failure 51811.10 Agents Which Inhibit or Activate Adrenergic Receptors 51811.11 Cardiac Glycosides 52011.12 Benzodiazapines 52111.13 Anti-Psychotic Drugs 52211.14 Stimulants and Drugs of Abuse 52511.15 Analgesics 52711.16 Anti-Depressants and Manic Depression 53211.17 Diabetes 53211.18 Muscle Relaxants 53311.19 Anti-Allergics and Anti-Immune Compounds 53511.20 Xanthines 53511.21 Substances Used Experimentally to Interfere with Intracellular Ca2+ 53611.22 Natural Toxins and Poisons 54811.23 Plant Toxins and Intracellular Ca2+ 55711.24 Drugs and the Ca2+ Receptor 55811.25 Bacteria 55911.26 Ions and Intracellular Ca2+ 55911.27 Antibodies and Intracellular Ca2+ 56111.28 Summary and Conclusions 56212 Darwin and 4000 Million Years of Intracellular Ca2+ 56312.1 Darwin and Calcium 56512.2 Evolution and Ca2+ 57012.3 What is Evolution? 57212.4 Evolution of Ca2+ Signalling 58112.5 Darwin and Knock-Outs 59312.6 Conclusions 59613 They Think It's All Over 59913.1 What We Know About the Details of Intracellular Ca2+ 60013.2 What We Don't Know About Intracellular Ca2+ 60313.3 Intracellular Ca2+ at School and University 60613.4 Inspiration of Intracellular Ca2+ 60713.5 Communicating the Story of Intracellular Ca2+ to Others 61013.6 End of the Beginning 615Bibliography 617Organism Index 739Subject Index 745