BRENDA LITTLE is Senior Scientist for Marine Molecular Processes at the Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. She serves on the editorial board for Biofouling and is a National Association of Corrosion Engineers International Fellow. JASON LEE is a Materials and Corrosion Engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory, Ocean Sciences Branch, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi.

"...strongly recommended for engineers and scientists that design components that might be exposed to MIC…would also make an excellent text…" (Journal of Metals Online, October 23, 2007)

• Preface xi1. Biofilm Formation 1Introduction 1Biologically Active Environments 1Biofilm Formation 7Influence of Conditioning Films 9Influence of the Substratum 10Influence of the Electrolyte 14Summary 16References 192. Causative Organisms and Possible Mechanisms 22Introduction 22Ennoblement 22Concentration Cells 25Oxygen Concentration Cells 25Metal Concentration Cells 26Reactions within Biofilms 26Respiration/Photosynthesis 28Sulfide Production 28Iron 32Copper 34Silver 38Other Metals 41Acid Production 41Ammonia Production 41Metal Deposition 42Manganese 42Iron 45Metal Reduction 47Methane Production 48Hydrogen Production 48Dealloying 49Inactivation of Corrosion Inhibitor 49Alteration of Anion Ratios 49Summary 50References 503. Diagnosing Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 56Introduction 56Identification of Causative Organisms 56Culture Techniques 56Biochemical Assays 58Cell Activity 59Genetic Techniques 60Microscopy 61Light Microscopy 61Epifluorescence Microscopy 61Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 63Atomic Force Microscopy 63Electron Microscopy 63Pit Morphology 66Chemical Testing 70Elemental Composition 71Mineralogical Fingerprints 72Isotope Fractionation 73Summary 73References 744. Electrochemical Techniques Applied to Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 78Introduction 78Techniques Requiring no External Signal 78Redox Potential 78Open Circuit or Corrosion Potential, Ecorr 80Electrochemical Noise Analysis (ENA) 81Microsensors 81Scanning Vibrating Electrode Techniques 82Capacitance 83Dual-Cell Technique 86Techniques Requiring a Small External Signal 89Polarization Resistance Technique 89Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 92Large Signal Polarization 94Concentric Ring Electrodes 96Summary 97References 985. Approaches for Monitoring Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 102Introduction 102Coupon Holders 103Zero Resistance Ammeter 104Multitechnique Approaches 107Electrochemical Noise Analysis 116Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 120Summary 124References 1256. Impact of Alloying Elements to Susceptibility of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 127Introduction 127Low Alloy Steel 138Copper and Nickel Alloys 129Stainless Steels 133Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 139Titanium and Titanium Alloys 140Antimicrobial Metals 141Summary 143References 1447. Design Features that Determine Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 147Introduction 147Hydrotest Procedures 147Flow 148Summary 149References 1498. Case Histories 150Introduction 150Generic Environments 150Subterranean 150External Pipeline Surfaces 150Electric Cables 151Atmospheric 154Ship Holds 155Aircraft 155Wire Rope 159Building Materials 159Glass 162Marine 162Iron and Steel 162Corrosion-resistant and Passive Alloys 173Copper and Copper–Nickel Alloys 174Titanium 177Specific Environments 177Water-Distribution and Storage Systems 177Nuclear Waste Storage 186Interim Wet Storage 186Long-term Dry Storage 189Environments with Hydrocarbons 192Production 193Transmission, Distribution, and Storage 194Use 195Ships 201Power Generation 203Paper Mill Industry 206References 2079. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Nonmetallics 217Introduction 217Polymeric Materials 217Biomedical Applications 218Polymeric Coatings 219Fiber-Reinforced Polymeric Composites 222Concrete 227Other Engineering Materials 232Asphalt 232Wood 232Summary 233References 23310 Strategies to Prevent or Mitigate Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 237Introduction 237Reduce Numbers and Types of Organisms 237Biocides 237Corrosion Inhibition by Biofilms 242Apparent Contradictions among Researchers 251The Stochastic Nature of Biofilms 251Contamination and Natural Competition 251The Influence of Nutrients on Electrochemical Measurements 252The Influence of Nutrients on the Corrosion Mechanism 252Alter Potential Electron Acceptors to Inhibit Specific Groups of Bacteria 253Summary 257References 257Index 261

BRENDA LITTLE is Senior Scientist for Marine Molecular Processes at the Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. She serves on the editorial board for Biofouling and is a National Association of Corrosion Engineers International Fellow. JASON LEE is a Materials and Corrosion Engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory, Ocean Sciences Branch, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi.

"...strongly recommended for engineers and scientists that design components that might be exposed to MIC…would also make an excellent text…" (Journal of Metals Online, October 23, 2007)

• Preface xi1. Biofilm Formation 1Introduction 1Biologically Active Environments 1Biofilm Formation 7Influence of Conditioning Films 9Influence of the Substratum 10Influence of the Electrolyte 14Summary 16References 192. Causative Organisms and Possible Mechanisms 22Introduction 22Ennoblement 22Concentration Cells 25Oxygen Concentration Cells 25Metal Concentration Cells 26Reactions within Biofilms 26Respiration/Photosynthesis 28Sulfide Production 28Iron 32Copper 34Silver 38Other Metals 41Acid Production 41Ammonia Production 41Metal Deposition 42Manganese 42Iron 45Metal Reduction 47Methane Production 48Hydrogen Production 48Dealloying 49Inactivation of Corrosion Inhibitor 49Alteration of Anion Ratios 49Summary 50References 503. Diagnosing Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 56Introduction 56Identification of Causative Organisms 56Culture Techniques 56Biochemical Assays 58Cell Activity 59Genetic Techniques 60Microscopy 61Light Microscopy 61Epifluorescence Microscopy 61Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 63Atomic Force Microscopy 63Electron Microscopy 63Pit Morphology 66Chemical Testing 70Elemental Composition 71Mineralogical Fingerprints 72Isotope Fractionation 73Summary 73References 744. Electrochemical Techniques Applied to Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 78Introduction 78Techniques Requiring no External Signal 78Redox Potential 78Open Circuit or Corrosion Potential, Ecorr 80Electrochemical Noise Analysis (ENA) 81Microsensors 81Scanning Vibrating Electrode Techniques 82Capacitance 83Dual-Cell Technique 86Techniques Requiring a Small External Signal 89Polarization Resistance Technique 89Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 92Large Signal Polarization 94Concentric Ring Electrodes 96Summary 97References 985. Approaches for Monitoring Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 102Introduction 102Coupon Holders 103Zero Resistance Ammeter 104Multitechnique Approaches 107Electrochemical Noise Analysis 116Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 120Summary 124References 1256. Impact of Alloying Elements to Susceptibility of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 127Introduction 127Low Alloy Steel 138Copper and Nickel Alloys 129Stainless Steels 133Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 139Titanium and Titanium Alloys 140Antimicrobial Metals 141Summary 143References 1447. Design Features that Determine Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 147Introduction 147Hydrotest Procedures 147Flow 148Summary 149References 1498. Case Histories 150Introduction 150Generic Environments 150Subterranean 150External Pipeline Surfaces 150Electric Cables 151Atmospheric 154Ship Holds 155Aircraft 155Wire Rope 159Building Materials 159Glass 162Marine 162Iron and Steel 162Corrosion-resistant and Passive Alloys 173Copper and Copper–Nickel Alloys 174Titanium 177Specific Environments 177Water-Distribution and Storage Systems 177Nuclear Waste Storage 186Interim Wet Storage 186Long-term Dry Storage 189Environments with Hydrocarbons 192Production 193Transmission, Distribution, and Storage 194Use 195Ships 201Power Generation 203Paper Mill Industry 206References 2079. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Nonmetallics 217Introduction 217Polymeric Materials 217Biomedical Applications 218Polymeric Coatings 219Fiber-Reinforced Polymeric Composites 222Concrete 227Other Engineering Materials 232Asphalt 232Wood 232Summary 233References 23310 Strategies to Prevent or Mitigate Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 237Introduction 237Reduce Numbers and Types of Organisms 237Biocides 237Corrosion Inhibition by Biofilms 242Apparent Contradictions among Researchers 251The Stochastic Nature of Biofilms 251Contamination and Natural Competition 251The Influence of Nutrients on Electrochemical Measurements 252The Influence of Nutrients on the Corrosion Mechanism 252Alter Potential Electron Acceptors to Inhibit Specific Groups of Bacteria 253Summary 257References 257Index 261

BRENDA LITTLE is Senior Scientist for Marine Molecular Processes at the Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. She serves on the editorial board for Biofouling and is a National Association of Corrosion Engineers International Fellow. JASON LEE is a Materials and Corrosion Engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory, Ocean Sciences Branch, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi.

"...strongly recommended for engineers and scientists that design components that might be exposed to MIC…would also make an excellent text…" (Journal of Metals Online, October 23, 2007)

• Preface xi1. Biofilm Formation 1Introduction 1Biologically Active Environments 1Biofilm Formation 7Influence of Conditioning Films 9Influence of the Substratum 10Influence of the Electrolyte 14Summary 16References 192. Causative Organisms and Possible Mechanisms 22Introduction 22Ennoblement 22Concentration Cells 25Oxygen Concentration Cells 25Metal Concentration Cells 26Reactions within Biofilms 26Respiration/Photosynthesis 28Sulfide Production 28Iron 32Copper 34Silver 38Other Metals 41Acid Production 41Ammonia Production 41Metal Deposition 42Manganese 42Iron 45Metal Reduction 47Methane Production 48Hydrogen Production 48Dealloying 49Inactivation of Corrosion Inhibitor 49Alteration of Anion Ratios 49Summary 50References 503. Diagnosing Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 56Introduction 56Identification of Causative Organisms 56Culture Techniques 56Biochemical Assays 58Cell Activity 59Genetic Techniques 60Microscopy 61Light Microscopy 61Epifluorescence Microscopy 61Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 63Atomic Force Microscopy 63Electron Microscopy 63Pit Morphology 66Chemical Testing 70Elemental Composition 71Mineralogical Fingerprints 72Isotope Fractionation 73Summary 73References 744. Electrochemical Techniques Applied to Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 78Introduction 78Techniques Requiring no External Signal 78Redox Potential 78Open Circuit or Corrosion Potential, Ecorr 80Electrochemical Noise Analysis (ENA) 81Microsensors 81Scanning Vibrating Electrode Techniques 82Capacitance 83Dual-Cell Technique 86Techniques Requiring a Small External Signal 89Polarization Resistance Technique 89Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 92Large Signal Polarization 94Concentric Ring Electrodes 96Summary 97References 985. Approaches for Monitoring Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 102Introduction 102Coupon Holders 103Zero Resistance Ammeter 104Multitechnique Approaches 107Electrochemical Noise Analysis 116Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 120Summary 124References 1256. Impact of Alloying Elements to Susceptibility of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 127Introduction 127Low Alloy Steel 138Copper and Nickel Alloys 129Stainless Steels 133Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 139Titanium and Titanium Alloys 140Antimicrobial Metals 141Summary 143References 1447. Design Features that Determine Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 147Introduction 147Hydrotest Procedures 147Flow 148Summary 149References 1498. Case Histories 150Introduction 150Generic Environments 150Subterranean 150External Pipeline Surfaces 150Electric Cables 151Atmospheric 154Ship Holds 155Aircraft 155Wire Rope 159Building Materials 159Glass 162Marine 162Iron and Steel 162Corrosion-resistant and Passive Alloys 173Copper and Copper–Nickel Alloys 174Titanium 177Specific Environments 177Water-Distribution and Storage Systems 177Nuclear Waste Storage 186Interim Wet Storage 186Long-term Dry Storage 189Environments with Hydrocarbons 192Production 193Transmission, Distribution, and Storage 194Use 195Ships 201Power Generation 203Paper Mill Industry 206References 2079. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Nonmetallics 217Introduction 217Polymeric Materials 217Biomedical Applications 218Polymeric Coatings 219Fiber-Reinforced Polymeric Composites 222Concrete 227Other Engineering Materials 232Asphalt 232Wood 232Summary 233References 23310 Strategies to Prevent or Mitigate Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 237Introduction 237Reduce Numbers and Types of Organisms 237Biocides 237Corrosion Inhibition by Biofilms 242Apparent Contradictions among Researchers 251The Stochastic Nature of Biofilms 251Contamination and Natural Competition 251The Influence of Nutrients on Electrochemical Measurements 252The Influence of Nutrients on the Corrosion Mechanism 252Alter Potential Electron Acceptors to Inhibit Specific Groups of Bacteria 253Summary 257References 257Index 261