Kenneth S. Norris is Emeritus Professor of Biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, co-editor of Dolphin Societies (California, 1990), and author of the award-winning Dolphin Days (1991). Bernd Wursig is Professor of Marine Mammalogy at Texas A & M University, where Melany Wursig is a research associate. Randall S. Wells is a conservation biologist with the Chicago Zoological Society. Shannon M. Brownlee is Senior Editor for Science at U.S. News and World Report. Christine Johnson teaches in the Department of Cognition at the University of California, San Diego. Jody Solow is a doctoral candidate in geography at the University of Cambridge. Jenny Wardrip is a freelance illustrator and a lecturer at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

• FIGURESINTRODUCTIONKenneth S. NorrisCHAPTER 1 THE SPINNER DOLPHIN Kenneth S. Norris, Bernd Wiirsig, and Randall S. WellsWORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION HISTORY OF SPINNER DOLPHIN STUDY ENVIRONMENT OF THE SPINNER DOLPHIN IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEANIC FAUNAL RADIATION ADAPTATION TO LOCAL RESOURCES VARIATION ECOTYPES POPULATION PATTERNS LOCAL OCEANOGRAPHY PATTERN PHYSICAL VARIATION BEHAVIORAL STUDIES CHAPTER 2 THE ISLAND HABITAT Randall S. Wells and Kenneth S. NorrisTHE ISLAND OF HAWAII OCEANOGRAPHIC CORRELATES STRUCTURAL HYDROGRAPHY OF KEALAKE'AKUA BAY BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY AND DOLPHIN ABUNDANCE AERIAL SURVEYS: LOCAL AND SEASONAL PATTERNS SIGHTING EFFICIENCY IS THERE AN ISLAND OF HAWAII SPINNER POPULATION? Circumisland Movements Rest Coves The Spinner Population: Open or Closed? CHAPTER 3 OBSERVING DOLPHINS UNDERWATER Kenneth S. Norris and Randall S. WellsMETHODS OF OBSERVING DOLPHINS UNDERWATER VIEWING VEHICLES APPROACHING DOLPHINS LISTENING THE MOBILE OBSERVATION CHAMBER THE MAKA ALA THE SMYG TITTAR'N CHAPTER 4 A SPINNER DOLPHIN'S DAY Bernd Wursig, Randall S. Wells, Kenneth S. Norris, and Melany WursigMETHODS OF OBSERVATION AN OUTLINE OF THE DAILY CYCLE BAY RESIDENCE PATTERNS DESCENT INTO REST REST AWAKENING ZIG-ZAG SWIMMING SPREAD FORMATION NIGHTTIME PATTERNS THE QUESTION OF SCHOOL FLUIDITY CHAPTER 5 AERIAL BEHAVIOR Kenneth S. Norris, Bernd Wursig, and Randall S. WellsCATEGORIES OF AERIAL BEHAVIOR NOSE-OUTS AND FLUKE-OUTS Nose-Outs Fluke-Outs SLAPS Tail Slaps Head Slaps and Back Slaps LEAPS Arcuate Leaps Salmon Leaps Tail-Over-Head Leaps SPINS PATTERNS OF OCCURRENCE FUNCTIONS OF AERIAL PATTERNS Remora Dislodgement Sound and Bubble Production OTHER CORRELATES OF AERIAL BEHAVIOR CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 6 POPULATION STRUCTURE Bernd Wiirsig, Randall S. Wells, Melany Wiirsig, and Kenneth S. NorrisSCARS AND MARKS ANALYSIS OCCUPANCY OF REST COVES INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION ISLAND USE PATTERNS ASSOCIATIONS MOVEMENTS ACCESSION RATE POPULATION PATTERNS AND SEGREGATION A POPULATION MODEL COMPARISONS TO OTHER POPULATIONS ABUNDANCEPERSPECTIVESCHAPTER 7 THE VISUAL DOMAINKenneth S. Norris, Randall S. Wells, and Christine M. JohnsonDIURNAL LIGHT CYCLE LIGHT SCATTERING FLICKER EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON SKIN REFRACTION THE DOLPHIN VISUAL SYSTEM VISUAL PIGMENTS VISUAL SIGNS, SIGNALS, AND VISUAL FIELDS Visual Fields Whole-Body Signals The Pectoral Fin and Associated Patterns Other Body Patterns The Rostrum Locomotory Signs Sexual Pattern CHAPTER 8 THE ACOUSTIC DOMAIN Shannon M. Bnrwnlee and Kenneth S. NorrisTHE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENTSource Levels and Beam CharacteristicsDistortion of the Sound Path, Transmission Losses, and Bubble Eflects Target Strength Ocean Noise Detection Thresholds SOUND EMISSION PATTERNS Data Gathering Classes of Sounds Sounds and Behavior INTERPRETATIONS OF ACOUSTIC SIGNALS Whistles: The Phatic System Classification of Message Types Signature Whistles Social Facilitation Burst-Pulse Signals CHAPTER 9 PATTERNS OF REPRODUCTION Randall S. Wells and Kenneth S. NorrisPATTERNS OF CETACEAN REPRODUCTION Gestation and Development The Male Cycle The Mating System Mate Selection The Female Cycle Reproductive Seasonality DETERMINANTS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS HORMONAL AND BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF REPRODUCTION HORMONAL CYCLES OF HAWAIIAN SPINNERS The Male Spinner The Female Spinner Behavioral Correlates CHAPTER 10 LOCOMOTION Kenneth S. Norris and Christine M. JohnsonCROSSOVER SPEED PROPULSIVE PATTERN AXIS OF LOCOMOTION CHAPTER 11 BREATHING AT SEA Kenneth S. Norris and Christine M. JohnsonBREATHING WHILE SWIMMING BREATH HOLDING SEPARATING FOOD AND AIR PHONATION PRESSURE EFFECTS LUNG COLLAPSE BREATHING AT SEA Exhalation Inhalation Locating a Breathing Place CHAPTER 12 FOOD AND FEEDING Bernd Wursig, Randall S. Wells, and Kenneth S. NorrisMECHANICS OF FOOD CAPTURE AND HANDLING The Cage Jaw The Piston Tongue Ingestion OWNERSHIP OF PREY DIET AND FEEDING DEPTH RESOURCE PARTITIONING THE TUNA-DOLPHIN BOND THE FOOD OF HAWAIIAN SPINNER DOLPHINS DIVING PATTERNS CHAPTER 13 SCHOOLS AND SCHOOLING Kenneth S. Norris and Christine M. JohnsonFUNCTIONING OF SCHOOLS SCHOOL FORMATIONS Echelon Formation Sensory Windows SENSORY INTEGRATION SYSTEM Sensory Summation Sensory Involvement SCHOOL PATTERNS THE QUESTION OF SCHOOL LEADERSHIP RELATIONSHIP OF VISION TO DOLPHIN SCHOOLING SCHOOL TIGHTENING AND SCHOOLING DISTANCE SCHOOL BEHAVIOR IN RELATION TO ATTACK ANTICIPATION CONFUSION CHAPTER 14 SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Christine M. Johnson and Kenneth S. NorrisSCHOOL WARINESS AND HABITUATION EPISODIC OR BOUT BEHAVIOR Aerial Behavior Bouts Caressing Bouts Formation Swimming Echolocation Bouts DO DOLPHINS ECHOLOCATE ONE ANOTHER? PARTNER SHARING AND EXCHANGE MALE COALITIONS MATING BIRTH, NURTURE, AND JUVENILE GROUPS CALF AND JUVENILE BEHAVIOR PLAY AGGRESSION AND DEFENSE Open Mouth Contact Threat Posture Aggressive Encounters Convergence Between Shark and DolphinBehavior/Structure USES OF INTENSE SOUND CHAPTER 15 PREDATORS, PARASITES, AND MULTISPECIES AGGREGATIONS Kenneth S. NorrisPREDATION IN SHALLOW VERSUS OPEN SEAS Predation in the Open Sea Evidence from Hawaiian Spinners MULTISPECIES AGGREGATIONS DOLPHIN PREDATORS THE COOKIE CUTTER SHARK PARASITES CHAPTER 16 COMPARATIVE VIEW OF CETACEANSOCIAL ECOLOGY, CULTURE, AND EVOLUTION Kenneth S. NorrisINTRODUCTION Defining Some Terms Dolphin Variation Rhythmic or Oscillatory Behavior SELF-COMPENSATORY SYSTEMS ARE SOCIOECOLOGIES EVOLUTIONARY ENTITIES? THE ORIGIN OF CULTURES COMPARISON OF MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF WARM WATER CETACEANS SPINNER DOLPHIN SOCIETY THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOCIETIES ARTHROPOD SOCIETIES TOWARD A MODEL FOR SOCIOECOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION SYSTEMIC NATURE OF THE PHENOTYPE AND THE ORIGIN OF COOPERATION DEFINING THE PHENOTYPE The Extended Phenotype THE SOCIOECOLOGY: AN EXAMPLE OF AN EPIGENETIC SYSTEM OSCILLATION OF BEHAVIOR STATES Genetic Control of Oscillation The Coexistence of Organizational Levels ADAPTIVE RADIATION THE CULTURAL SYSTEM CULTURAL ASPECTS OF SEXUAL ROLES THE FITNESS OF CULTURES Play and Juvenility Adolescence in Primates and Dolphins COST ACCOUNTING THE EMERGING SYSTEMIC VIEW OF EVOLUTION CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ABOUT SPINNER DOLPHINS OVERVIEW APPENDIX A: THOSE WHO HELPED APPENDIX B: MATERIALS AND METHODS LITERATURE CITED INDEX