Metropolis Berlin

Iain Boyd Whyte is Professor of Architectural History at the University of Edinburgh and author of Manmade Future (Routledge, 2007). David Frisby was Professor of Sociology at the London School of Economics and author of Cityscapes of Modernity: Critical Explorations (Cambridge, 2001).

"Rich and engrossing... Berlin's transformation takes place vividly before our eyes." -- Andrew Mead The Architectural Review "An invaluable storehouse of material... Astonishing in its range." -- Ritchie Robertson Times Literary Supplement (TLS) "Rich and engrossing... Berlin's transformation takes place vividly before our eyes." -- Andrew Mead The Architectural Review

• List of Illustrations Preface General Introduction I. Booming Metropolis 1. The Metropolitan Panorama 1. Jules Laforgue, Berlin: The Court and the City (1887) 2. Wilhelm Loesche, Berlin North (1890) 3. Mark Twain, The German Chicago (1892) 4. Heinrich Schackow, Berolina: A Metropolitan Aesthetic (1896) 5. Alfred Kerr, Berlin and London (1896) 6. Alfred Kerr, The Transformation of Potsdamer Strasse (1895, 1897) 7. Max Osborn, The Destruction of Berlin (1906) 8. Werner Sombart, Vienna (1907) 9. Robert Walser, Good Morning, Giantess! (1907) 10. August Endell, The Beauty of the Great City (1908) 11. Oscar Bie, Life Story of a Street (1908) 12. Robert Walser, Friedrichstrasse (1909) 13. Max Weber, Speech for a Discussion (1910) 14. Vorwarts, [City Hall Tower Panorama] (1902) 15. Ernst Bloch, Berlin, Southern City (1915--16) 2. Building and Regulating the Metropolis 16. Theodor Goecke, Traffic Thoroughfares and Residential Streets (1893) 17. Rudolf Adickes, The Need for Spacious Building Programs in City Expansions and the Legal and Technical Means to Accomplish This (1895) 18. Vorwarts, [Deforestation around Berlin] (1908) 19. Die Bank, [Speculation in Tempelhof] (1910--11) 20. P. A. A. (Philip A. Ashworth), Berlin (1911) 21. Walter Lewitz, Architectural Notes on the Universal Urban Planning Exhibition, Berlin (1911) 22. Various authors, The Greater Berlin Competition 1910: The Prize-Winning Designs with Explanatory Report (1911) 23. Cornelius Gurlitt, Review of Greater Berlin and The Greater Berlin Competition 1910 (1911) 24. Sigmund Schott, The Agglomeration of Cities in the German Empire: 1871--1910 (1912) 25. Patrick Abercrombie, Berlin: Its Growth and Present State (1914) 3. Production, Commerce, and Consumption 26. Georg Simmel, The Berlin Trade Exhibition (1896) 27. Albert Hoffmann, The Wertheim Department Store in Leipziger Strasse (1898) 28. Robert Walser, Aschinger's (1907) 29. Karl Scheffler, The Retail Establishment (1907) 30. Leo Colze, The Department Stores of Berlin (1908) 31. Erich Kohrer, Berlin Department Store: A Novel from the World City (1909) 32. Karl Scheffler, Peter Behrens (1913) 33. Karl Ernst Osthaus, The Display Window (1913) 34. Paul Westheim, Nordstern: The New Administration Building in Berlin-Schoneberg (1915) 4. Public Transport and Infrastructure 35. Anonymous, The Concourse of the Anhalter Bahnhof (1880) 36. Alfred Kerr, New and Beautiful!--Bulowstrasse? (1900) 37. Richard Peterson, The Traffic Problems Inherent in Large Cities and the Means of Solving Them (1908) 38. Karl Scheffler, The Elevated Railway and Aesthetics (1902) 39. August Endell, The Beauty of the Great City (1908) 40. Anonymous, The Northern Loop: A Journey on the Ring Railway (1913) 41. Peter Behrens, The Influence of Time and Space Utilization on Modern Design (1914) 42. Karl Ernst Osthaus, The Railway Station (1914) 5. The Proletarian City 43. Theodor Goecke, The Working-Class Tenement Block in Berlin (1890) 44. Otto von Leixner, Letter Eight: A Suburban Street in New Moabit (1891) 45. Heinrich Albrecht, The Working-Class Tenement Buildings of the Berlin Savings and Building Society (1898) 46. Alice Salomon, A Club for Young Working Women in Berlin (1903) 47. Werner Sombart, Domesticity (1906) 48. Albert Sudekum, Impoverished Berlin Dwellings--Wedding (1908) 49. Clara Viebig, Our Daily Bread (1907) 50. Karl Scheffler, The Tenement Block (1911) 51. Kathe Kollwitz, Diary Entry, 16 April 1912 52. Max Jacob, From Apartment House to Mass Apartment House (1912) 53. Victor Noack, Housing and Morality (1912) 6. Public Realm and Popular Culture 54. Paul Lindau, Unter den Linden (1892) 55. Anonymous, The New Prison for Berlin at Tegel (1900) 56. Alfred Kerr, In the New Reichstag (1900) 57. Freisinnige Zeitung, [A Military Parade] (1900) 58. Berliner Tageblatt, [A Sunday in Berlin] (1903) 59. Hans Ostwald, Berlin Coffeehouses (c. 1905) 60. Brustlein, The Rudolf Virchow Hospital in Berlin (1907) 61. Jules Huret, Bruno Schmitz's "Rheingold" for Aschinger (1909) 62. Anonymous, New Buildings Planned for Museum Island, Berlin (1910) 63. Wilhelm Bode, Alfred Messel's Plans for the New Buildings of the Royal Museums in Berlin (1910) 64. Paul Westheim, Ludwig Hoffmann's Berlin School Buildings (1911) 65. Max Wagenfuhr, The Admiral's Palace and Its Bathing Pools (1912) 66. Fritz Stahl, The Berlin City Hall (1912) 67. Else Lasker-Schuler, The Two White Benches on the Kurfurstendamm (1913) 68. Bruno Taut, The Problem of Building an Opera House (1914) 69. Anonymous [Joseph Adler?], The Opening of the Tauentzien Palace Cafe (1914) 7. The Bourgeois City 70. Theodor Fontane, The Treibel Villa (1892) 71. Alfred Kerr, Herr Sehring Builds a Theater Dream (1895) 72. Alfred Kerr, Up and Down the Avenues (1898) 73. Walther Rathenau, The Most Beautiful City in the World (1899) 74. Alfred Kerr, New Luxury, Old Squalor (1900) 75. Hermann Muthesius, The Modern Country Home (1905) 76. Edmund Edel, Berlin W. (1906) 77. Max Creutz, Charlottenburg City Hall (1906) 78. Max Creutz, The New Kempinski Building (1907) 79. Maximilian Rapsilber, Hotel Adlon (1907) 80. Robert Walser, Berlin W. (1910) 81. Robert Walser, The Little Berlin Girl (1909) 82. Walter Lehwess, The Design Competition for Rudesheimer Platz (1912) 83. Wilhelm Borchard, The Picnic Season (1914) 84. Paul Westheim, Building Boom (1917) 8. The Green Outdoors 85. Wilhelm Bolsche, Beyond the Metropolis (1901) 86. Heinrich Hart, Statutes of the German Garden City Association (1902) 87. Hans Kampffmeyer, The Garden City and Its Cultural and Economic Significance (1906--7) 88. Heinrich Pudor, The People's Park in Greater Berlin (1910) 89. Karl Ernst Osthaus, Garden City and City Planning (1911) 90. Anonymous, Lietzensee Park in Charlottenburg (1912) 91. Hannes Mullerfeld, Down with the Garden City! (1914) 92. Max Osborn, The Fairy-Tale Fountain in the Friedrichshain, Berlin (1914) 93. Paul Westheim, Workers' Housing Estate at Staaken (1915) 94. Martin Wagner, Urban Open-Space Policy (1915) 95. Bruno Taut, The Falkenberg Garden Suburb near Berlin (1919--20) II. World War I and the City 9. City in Crisis 96. Bruno Taut, A Necessity (1914) 97. Vorwarts, [War or Not] (1914) 98. General von Kessel, Berlin in a State of War: Proclamation of the Commander-in-Chief in the Marches (1914) 99. H. B., [War Fever in Berlin, August 1914] 100. Berliner Tageblatt, [Berlin Potato Shortage] (1915) 101. Anonymous, Competition for Greater Berlin Architects (1916) 102. Berliner Tageblatt, Demonstration in Berlin (1918) 103. Friedrich Bauermeister, On the Great City (1918) 104. Walter Gropius, The New Architectural Idea (1919) 105. Leopold Bauer, The Economic Unsustainability of the Large City (1919) 10. Critical Responses 106. Paul Wolf, The Basic Layout of the New City (1919) 107. Bruno Taut, The City Crown (1919) 108. Otto Bartning, Church Architecture Today (1919) 109. Peter Behrens and Heinrich de Fries, On Low-Cost Building (1919) 110. Kathe Kollwitz, Diary Entry, 11 September 1919 111. Hermann Muthesius, Small House and Small-Scale Housing Development (1920) III. Weltstadt--World City 11. Planning the World City 112. Martin Machler, The Major Population Center and Its Global Importance (1918) 113. Bruno Mohring, On the Advantages of Tower Blocks and the Conditions under Which They Could Be Built in Berlin (1920) 114. Siegfried Kracauer, On Skyscrapers (1921) 115. Martin Machler, On the Skyscraper Problem (1920--21) 116. Joseph Roth, If Berlin Were to Build Skyscrapers: Proposals for Easing the Housing Shortage (1921) 117. Adolf Behne, The Competition of the Skyscraper Society (1922--23) 118. Egon Erwin Kisch, The Impoverishment and Enrichment of the Berlin Streets (1923) 119. Ernst Kaeber, The Metropolis as Home (1926) 120. Karl Scheffler, Berlin Fifty Years from Now: Perspectives on One of the World's Great Cities (1926) 121. Martin Wagner, Werner Hegemann, and Heinrich Mendelssohn, Should Berlin Build Skyscrapers? (1928) 122. Martin Wagner and Adolf Behne, The New Berlin--Berlin, World City (1929) 123. Martin Wagner, The Design Problem of a City Square for a Metropolis: The Competition of the "Verkehr" Company for the Remodeling of Alexanderplatz (1929) 124. Max Berg, The Platz der Republik in Berlin (1930) 125. Werner Hegemann, Berlin, City of Stone: The History of the Largest Tenement City in the World (1930) 126. Walter Benjamin, A Jacobin of Our Time: On Werner Hegemann's Das steinerne Berlin (1930) 127. Hannes Kupper, The "Provinces" and Berlin (1931) 128. Adolf Hitler, Speech at Foundation-Stone Ceremony of the Faculty of Defense Studies, Berlin (1937) 12. Berlin Montage 129. Kathe Kollwitz, Diary Entry, 25 January 1919 130. Kurt Tucholsky, "Berlin! Berlin!" (1919) 131. "Sling" (pseud. Paul Schlesinger), The Telephone (1921) 132. Kathe Kollwitz, Diary Entry, 1 May 1922 133. Friedrich Kroner, Overstretched Nerves (1923) 134. Adolf Hitler, My Struggle (1926) 135. Joseph Roth, The Wandering Jew (1927) 136. Ernst Bloch, Berlin After Two Years (1928) 137. Alfred Doblin, Berlin (1928) 138. Franz Hessel, I Learn: Via Neukolln to Britz (1929) 139. Carl Zuckmeyer, The Berlin Woman (1929) 140. Moritz Goldstein, The Metropolis of the Little People (1930) 141. Karl Scheffler, Berlin: A City Transformed (1931) 142. Siegfried Kracauer, The New Alexanderplatz (1932) 143. Siegfried Kracauer, Locomotive over Friedrichstrasse (1933) 144. Jean Giraudoux, Berlin, Not Paris! (1931) 145. Ernst Erich Noth, The Tenement Barracks (1931) 146. Siegfried Kracauer, A Section of Friedrichstrasse (1932) 147. Gabrielle Tergit, Home is the 75 (or the 78) (1930) 148. Christopher Isherwood, A Berlin Diary (Winter 1932--33) 13. Work 149. Alfred Doblin, General Strike in Berlin (1922) 150. Ludwig Hilberseimer, Buildings for the Metropolis (1925) 151. Franz Hessel, On Work (1929) 152. Peter Panter (pseud. Kurt Tucholsky), Hang on a Moment! (1927) 153. Fritz Stahl, The Klingenberg Power Station at Berlin-Rummelsburg (1928) 154. Hermann Schmitz, Introduction to Siemens Buildings (1928) 155. Egon Erwin Kisch, Berlin at Work (1978) 156. Anonymous, A New High-Rise Building in Berlin: Architect Peter Behrens (1931) 157. Irmgard Keun, Gilgi--One of Us (1931) 158. Else Lasker-Schuler, The Spinning World Factory (1932) 159. Hans Fallada, Little Man, What Now? (1933) 160. Herbert Rimpl and Hermann Mackler, A German Aircraft Factory: The Heinkel Works in Oranienburg (1938) 14. Commodities and Display 161. Alfred Doblin, Berlin Christmas (1923) 162. Alfred Gellhorn, Advertising and the Cityscape (1926) 163. Gerta-Elisabeth Thiele, The Shop Window (1926) 164. Peter Panter (pseud. Kurt Tucholsky), The Loudspeaker (1927) 165. Hans Curlis, Night and the Modern City (1928) 166. Hugo Haring, Illuminated Advertising and Architecture (1928) 167. Joseph Roth, The Really Big Department Store (1929) 168. Alfred Wedemeyer, Berlin's Latest Department Store (1929) 169. Ludwig Hilberseimer, The Modern Commercial Street (1929) 170. Alfons Paquet, City and Province (1929) 15. Housing 171. Fritz Schumacher, The Small Apartment (1919) 172. Kurt Tucholsky, 150 Kaiserallee (1920) 173. Bruno Taut, The New Home: Woman as Creative Spirit (1924) 174. Martin Wagner, Vienna--Berlin: Housing Policies Compared (1925) 175. Ludwig Hilberseimer, On Standardizing the Tenement Block (1926) 176. Leo Adler, Housing Estates in the Britz District of Berlin (1927) 177. Walter Gropius, Large Housing Estates (1930) 178. Werner Hegemann, Berlin and World Architecture: On the Berlin Building Exhibition (1931) 179. Martin Wagner, Administrative Reform (1931) 180. Ilse Reicke, Women and Building (1931) 181. Siegfried Kracauer, Building Exhibition in the East (1931) 182. Heinz-Willi Jungst, Housing for Contemporaries (1932) 183. Gottfried Feder, The German Housing Development Board (1934) 184. Herbert Hoffmann, The Residential Estate on Berlin's Grosse Leegestrasse (1936) 185. The Construction of Communities on the Basis of the People, the Land, and the Landscape (1940) 16. Mass and Leisure 186. Bruno Taut, On New Theaters (1919) 187. Egon Erwin Kisch, Elliptical Treadmill (1919) 188. Adolf Behne, Grosses Schauspielhaus, Scalapalast (1921) 189. Siegfried Kracauer, Rollercoaster Ride (1921) 190. Berliner Borsen-Courier, [Cinema] (1923) 191. Alfred Flechtheim, Gladiators (1926) 192. Gerhard Krause, The German Stadium and Sport Forum (1926) 193. Matheo Quinz, The Romanisches Cafe (1926) 194. Hans Poelzig, The Capitol Cinema (1926) 195. J-S, Review of Walther Ruttmann's Film Berlin: The Symphony of a Great City (1927) 196. Leo Hirsch, Cinemas (1927) 197. Billy Wilder, Berlin Rendezvous (1927) 198. Siegfried Kracauer, Under Palm Trees (1930) 199. Curt Moreck, A Guide to "Licentious" Berlin (1931) 200. Siegfried Kracauer, Radio Station (1931) 201. Hermann Sinsheimer, Boxing Ring (1931) 202. Siegfried Kracauer, Berlin as a Summer Resort (1932) 203. Werner March, The Buildings of the National Sport Arena (1936) 17. Technology and Mobility 204. Friedrich Krause and Fritz Hedde, Swinemunder Bridge (1922) 205. Berliner Tageblatt, [Cycling in Berlin] (1923) 206. Joseph Roth, Declaration to the Gleisdreieck (1924) 207. Ignaz Wrobel (pseud. Kurt Tucholsky), Berlin Traffic (1926) 208. Billy Wilder, Nighttime Joyride over Berlin (1927) 209. Bernard von Brentano, The Pleasure of Motoring (c. 1928) 210. Vicki Baum, Grand Hotel (1929) 211. Siegfried Kracauer, Proletarian Rapid Transit (1930) 212. Peter Panter (pseud. Kurt Tucholsky), Traffic Passing over the House (1931) 213. Siegfried Kracauer, The Cult of the Automobile (1931) 214. Siegfried Kracauer, On Board the "Hamburg Flier": Special Press Trip, Berlin to Hamburg (1933) 215. E. Neumann, Object--Subject (1934) 216. Anonymous, The Intercontinental Airport at Tempelhof (1938) 217. Jakob Werlin / Albert Speer, On the Autobahns of the Reich (1938) 218. Hans Stephan, The Autobahn (1939) 18. From Berlin to Germania 219. Siegfried Kracauer, Screams on the Street (1930) 220. Irmgard Keun, The Artificial Silk Girl (1932) 221. Heinrich Hauser, The Flood of Humanity at Tempelhof (1933) 222. Joseph Goebbels, Berlin Awakes (1934) 223. Herbert Hoffmann, The Air Ministry Building (1936) 224. Adolf Hitler, The Buildings of the Third Reich (1937) 225. The New Berlin Cityscape (1938) 226. Adolf Hitler, Speech at the Topping-Out Ceremony of the New Reich Chancellery (1938) 227. Hans Stephan, Berlin (1939) 228. Albert Speer, Replanning the Capital of the Reich (1939) 229. Adolf Hitler, Table Talk (1941) Acknowledgments Index