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• Introduction. 1. Medieval Masculinities? PART ONE: ATTAINING MASCULINITY. 2. `Death maketh the man': The construction of masculinity in the early Middle Ages. 3. Frustrated masculinity: The relationship between William the Conqueror and his eldest son. 4. Masters and men in later medieval England. 5. The masculine military ethos c. 1050-1250. PART TWO: LAY MEN AND CHURCH MEN: SOURCES OF TENSION. 6. Monks, secular men and masculinity c. 900. 7. `Monks in flux': nocturnal emission and the limits of clerical celibacy in the early Middle Ages. 8. `Angels incarnate': clergy and masculinity from Gregorian Reform to Reformation. 9. Clergy, masculinity and transgression in late medieval England. PART THREE: SEXUALITY AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF MASCULINITY. 10. Men and sex in tenth-century Italy. 11. Images of effeminate men: the case of Byzantine eunuchs. PART FOUR; WRITTEN RELATIONSHIPS AND SOCIAL REALITY. 12. Love, separation and male friendship: words and actions in Saint Anselm's letters to his friends. 13. `The love of a friend lasts forever': the language of male affection in Old French literature - homosocial or homosexual? 14. `Women and hunting-birds are easy to tame': aristocratic masculinity and the early German love-lyric.

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• Introduction. 1. Medieval Masculinities? PART ONE: ATTAINING MASCULINITY. 2. `Death maketh the man': The construction of masculinity in the early Middle Ages. 3. Frustrated masculinity: The relationship between William the Conqueror and his eldest son. 4. Masters and men in later medieval England. 5. The masculine military ethos c. 1050-1250. PART TWO: LAY MEN AND CHURCH MEN: SOURCES OF TENSION. 6. Monks, secular men and masculinity c. 900. 7. `Monks in flux': nocturnal emission and the limits of clerical celibacy in the early Middle Ages. 8. `Angels incarnate': clergy and masculinity from Gregorian Reform to Reformation. 9. Clergy, masculinity and transgression in late medieval England. PART THREE: SEXUALITY AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF MASCULINITY. 10. Men and sex in tenth-century Italy. 11. Images of effeminate men: the case of Byzantine eunuchs. PART FOUR; WRITTEN RELATIONSHIPS AND SOCIAL REALITY. 12. Love, separation and male friendship: words and actions in Saint Anselm's letters to his friends. 13. `The love of a friend lasts forever': the language of male affection in Old French literature - homosocial or homosexual? 14. `Women and hunting-birds are easy to tame': aristocratic masculinity and the early German love-lyric.