Marine Fisheries Ecology

Simon Jennings and Michel Kaiser are the authors of Marine Fisheries Ecology, published by Wiley.

"The book is indeed a boon to both the student and teaching communities."Pashudhan"...this book, better than any other single volume I know at present, covers topics that will be important in future ecosystem-based management of fisheries." Fish and Fisheries "Well-written and thoughtfully put together" Professor Terry Quinn (Alaska, Fairbanks)"This book will be widely read and cited"Professor Jeremy Collie (Rhode Island) "Marine Fisheries Ecology is a work of art that provides a broad, ecosystem-level understanding of the biological, economic, and social factors affecting and motivating diverse fisheries at global scales. This "must-read" is an extremely well-written and expertly organized treatise. It will have significant appeal for the established fisheries professional and the student and lecturer alike, including informed members of the public interested in marine ecology and production processes, patterns of fisheries exploitation, socioeconomics, and the complexities of aquatic resource politics and decisionmaking..." Carl V. BurgerPast President, American Fisheries Society -and- Chair of the Executive Committee, 4th World Fisheries Congress, Vancouver, B.C. Canada

• Preface ixAcknowledgements xii1 Marine fisheries ecology: an introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Fisheries of the world 11.2.1 History of fisheries 11.2.2 Fishery science 61.2.3 Diversity of fisheries 71.3 Patterns of exploitation 91.3.1 Boom and bust 91.3.2 Conservation and ecosystem concerns 141.4 Why manage fisheries? 141.5 Objectives of management 151.5.1 Range of objectives 151.5.2 Balancing objectives 161.5.3 From objective to action 171.6 Meeting management objectives 171.7 Structure of this book 18Summary 202 Marine ecology and production processes 212.1 Introduction 212.2 Primary production: sources and magnitude 212.3 Phytoplanktonic production 222.3.1 Links between production and physical processes 222.3.2 Upwellings and fronts 242.3.3 Rates of phytoplanktonic production 252.4 Non-phytoplanktonic production 282.4.1 Macroalgae 282.4.2 Mangroves 292.4.3 Coral reef algae 292.4.4 Seagrasses and marsh plants 302.4.5 Microphytobenthos 312.5 Heterotrophic production 312.5.1 The fate of primary production 312.5.2 Transfer along the food chain 322.5.3 Production of fished species 342.5.4 Linking primary production and landings 37Summary 383 Fished species life histories and distribution 393.1 Introduction 393.2 Fishes 393.3 Invertebrates 413.4 Life histories 553.4.1 Sex sex reversal and sex ratios 553.4.2 Growth maturity and longevity 563.4.3 Egg size fecundity and reproduction 593.5 Distribution in space and time 623.5.1 Geographical ranges and stock structures 623.5.2 Migration 623.5.3 Larval transport retention and dispersal 653.5.4 Metapopulations 68Summary 694 Population structure in space and time 704.1 Introduction 704.2 Recruitment 704.2.1 Spawner and recruit relationships 714.2.2 Mortality during the early life history 784.2.3 Depensation 834.2.4 Regulation in fish populations 854.3 Density-dependent habitat use 86Summary 885 Fishing gears and techniques 905.1 Introduction 905.2 From shoreline gathering to satellites 905.3 Modern commercial fishing gears 945.3.1 Towed fishing gear 955.3.2 Static fishing gear 1035.4 Other fishing techniques 1065.5 Conservation methods 108Summary 1116 Fishers: socioeconomics and human ecology 1126.1 Introduction 1126.2 Motivations for fishing 1126.2.1 Food 1126.2.2 Income 1136.3 Modifications to fishing behaviour 1156.3.1 Social 1156.3.2 Religion 1176.4 Conflicts and conflict resolution 1186.4.1 Competing for fish 1186.4.2 Fish wars 1216.4.3 Fishers in the political process 1226.4.4 Traditional management systems 1236.4.5 Customary marine tenure 1246.4.6 Co-management 125Summary 1267 Single-species stock assessment 1277.1 Introduction 1277.2 Balancing birth and death 1277.3 Surplus production models 1287.3.1 Stability 1287.3.2 Models of population growth 1307.3.3 Fitting models to data 1307.3.4 Surplus production models in action 1327.4 Delay–difference models 1357.4.1 Delay–difference models in action 1377.5 Virtual population analysis 1387.5.1 Age-based cohort analysis 1407.5.2 Length-based cohort analysis 1437.6 Statistical catch-at-age methods 1447.7 Yield-per-recruit models 1457.7.1 Yield-per-recruit models in action 1467.8 Incorporating recruitment 1497.8.1 Replacement lines 1497.8.2 Replacement lines in action 1507.9 Confronting risk and uncertainty 1527.9.1 Bayesian analysis 1537.9.2 Resampling methods 1547.10 Biological reference points 155Summary 1578 Multispecies assessment and ecosystem modelling 1598.1 Introduction 1598.2 Multispecies surplus production 1598.2.1 Multispecies surplus production in action 1608.3 Multispecies yield per recruit 1628.3.1 Multispecies yield per recruit in action 1628.4 Multispecies virtual population analysis 1628.4.1 Multispecies VPA in action 1648.4.2 Applying MSVPA data to single-species model 1698.5 Predators prey and competitors 1698.5.1 Predator–prey dynamics 1698.5.2 Competition an unexpected result 1708.5.3 Management implications 1718.6 Size spectra 1718.7 Ecosystem models 1738.7.1 Ecosystem models in action 174Summary 1779 Getting the data: stock identity and dynamics 1789.1 Introduction 1789.2 Stock identification 1789.2.1 The stock concept 1789.2.2 Methods of stock identification 1789.3 Stock dynamics 1849.3.1 Sampling 1849.3.2 Length weight and age 1899.3.3 Growth 1959.3.4 Maturity 1999.3.5 Fecundity 1999.3.6 Mortality 2019.4 The impact of errors 203Summary 20410 Getting the data: abundance catch and effort 20510.1 Introduction 20510.2 Abundance 20510.2.1 Survey design 20510.2.2 Visual census methods 20610.2.3 Acoustic methods 20910.2.4 Trawl surveys 21010.2.5 Depletion methods 21310.2.6 Mark–recapture methods 21410.2.7 Egg production methods 21410.3 The fishery 219Summary 22111 Bioeconomics 22311.1 Introduction 22311.2 The value of fisheries 22311.2.1 Trade in fished species 22311.2.2 Catch values and employment 22411.3 Bioeconomic models 22511.3.1 Descriptive bioeconomics 22611.3.2 Optimal fishing strategies 23011.3.3 Bayesian methods 23511.4 Economic vs. social management objectives 23711.4.1 Subsidies 23711.4.2 The case for economic efficiency 237Summary 23812 Fishing effects on populations and communities 23912.1 Introduction 23912.2 Vulnerability to fishing 23912.2.1 Behaviour 23912.2.2 Life histories 24112.3 Intraspecific effects 24212.3.1 Age and size structure 24212.3.2 Reproduction 24312.3.3 Genetic structure 24412.4 Community effects 24512.4.1 Diversity 24512.4.2 Community structure 25012.4.3 Size structure 25112.4.4 Competition and trophic interactions 252Summary 25613 Bycatches and discards 25813.1 Introduction 25813.2 Catches discards and bycatches 25813.2.1 Definitions 25813.2.2 Reasons for discarding 25813.3 Alternatives to discarding 26013.4 Fisheries and bycatches 26013.5 Incidental captures 26213.5.1 Seabirds 26213.5.2 Sea turtles 26413.5.3 Sea snakes 26513.5.4 Marine mammals 26513.6 Methods to reduce bycatches 26713.7 Ghost fishing 26713.8 Sociocultural differences 270Summary 27114 Impacts on benthic communities habitats and coral reefs 27214.1 Introduction 27214.2 Fishing disturbance 27214.2.1 Fishing vs. natural disturbance 27214.2.2 Distribution of fishing disturbance 27314.3 Direct effects of fishing gear on the seabed 27614.3.1 Towed fishing gear 27614.3.2 Direct effects on the substratum 27714.3.3 Effects on infauna 27714.3.4 Effects on epifauna 28114.3.5 Meta-analysis 28414.4 Effects of static fishing gears 28414.5 Long-term effects 28514.6 Fishing as a source of energy subsidies 28814.6.1 Have population changes occurred? 29014.7 Indirect effects on habitats 29014.7.1 Loose seabeds 29014.7.2 Coral reefs 291Summary 29315 Fishery interactions with birds and mammals 29415.1 Introduction 29415.2 Birds 29415.2.1 Competition between birds and fisheries 29615.2.2 Benefits of discarding 30015.2.3 Waders and shellfish 30115.3 Mammals 30315.3.1 Competition between mammals and fisheries 30415.3.2 Prey release 307Summary 30916 A role for aquaculture? 31016.1 Introduction 31016.2 Aquaculture past and present 31016.3 What is cultivated? 31216.4 Production systems 31316.5 Feeding constraints 31416.6 Prospects for expansion 31416.6.1 Cage cultivation 31616.6.2 Stock enhancement and ranching 31816.7 Case studies 31916.7.1 Shrimp farming 31916.7.2 Bivalve mariculture 322Summary 32617 Management and conservation options 32717.1 Introduction 32717.2 Management objectives strategies and actions 32717.2.1 From objective to action 32717.2.2 Catch control 32817.2.3 Effort control 33117.2.4 Technical measures 33117.2.5 Management in action 33217.3 Improving management 33517.3.1 Enforcement and compliance 33517.3.2 Co-management 33717.3.3 Ownership of resources and harvesting rights 33817.3.4 Uncertainty and the precautionary approach 33817.3.5 Role of science 33917.4 Multispecies and ecosystem-based management 34117.4.1 What are the objectives? 34117.4.2 What can be achieved? 34117.5 Managing fisheries for conservation 34217.5.1 Endangered species 34217.5.2 Habitats 34317.5.3 Protected areas and no-take zones 34417.6 Future trends 34617.6.1 Fisheries science 34617.6.2 Fisheries management 346Summary 347References 348Appendices1 List of symbols 3802 Fisheries websites 3853 Geographic index 389Index 393