Locked in Place

Vivek Chibber is Associate Professor of Sociology at New York University.

Honorable Mention for the 2006 Distinguished Book Award, American Sociological Association Winner of the 2005 Barrington Moore Book Award, Comparative Historical Section of the American Sociological Association Honorable Mention for the 2005 Mirra Komarovsky Award, Eastern Sociological Association Honorable Mention for the 2004 Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship Award, Political Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association One of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 2004 "[A]n important contribution to the larger theoretical debate about the role of the state in development and the place of class analysis. A British anthropologist friend remarked after reading it, 'How did he get a job in an American sociology department? Where is the post-modernism? Where are the regressions?' Instead we have a sustained analytical argument presented in writing that is crystal-clear and entirely free of jargon, with historical narrative of 'what was' tautly balanced with counterfactual 'what might have been.' The book assaults idle prejudice on every side of the debate about markets and the role of government. It is long overdue, and deserves to be widely read."--Robert Hunter Wade, European Journal of Sociology "An excellent book on political economy that will interest scholars of economics, political science, and sociology and others concerned with economic development and the state structures that aid or hinder it... Chibber has laid out an analysis of the political economy of development that cannot be ignored, and may offer important lessons for developing nations--and for those who would advise them--in the Middle East, Africa, and South America."--Choice "Vivek Chibber's book is exceptionally clear, fresh, empirically rich, and analytically tight. It clears some conventional cobwebs in thinking about developmental states. It should be read widely."--Ronald J. Herring, Perspectives on Politics "Chibber of course has much to contribute to the state-society debate, Indian historiography, and methodology germane to industrial change. His work provokes many questions and alternative counterfactuals for future research."--Anthony P. D'Costa, Journal of Asian Studies "This book should become a cornerstone in all future efforts to explain divergent paths of development, and it will serve as a model for how to understand state policymaking and implementation in all types of economies."--Richard Lachmann, Social Forces "[A] powerful assault on the intellectual assumptions, arguments and claims on which the prevailing neoliberal consensus in India rests... [I]t will likely force much more serious historical research into the whole issue of the relationship of state and class in this period. [W]e have every reason to be grateful for this path-breaking work."--Achin Vanaik, New Left Review

• Preface ix Acknowledgments xv List of Abbreviations xix PART I: The Issues and the Argument 1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 3 CHAPTER 2 Late Development and State-Building 13 The Two Dimensions of Industrial Policy 14 Industrial Policy and State Capacity 17 State Capacity as Dilemma 23 Installing the Developmental State: Four Theses 29 Locked in Place: The Reproduction of the State 44 PART II: Installing the State 49 CHAPTER 3 The Origins of the Developmental State in Korea 51 Introduction 51 The Two Varieties of Statism 53 The Continuity Thesis 55 The Discontinuity Thesis 57 A Critique of the Statist Discontinuity Thesis 62 The Origins of the Developmental State 66 A Look Ahead 82 CHAPTER 4 Precursors to Planning in India: The Myth of the Developmental Bourgeoisie 85 Introduction 85 The Backdrop to the Bombay Plan 88 The Bombay Plan 94 The Capitalist Class and the Demise of the Bombay Plan 98 The Roots of Business Opposition 107 CHAPTER 5 The Demobilization of the Labor Movement 110 Introduction 110 Congress and the Popular Classes 112 The Postwar Labor Upsurge 116 A "Responsible" Labor Movement 118 The Significance of Demobilization 125 CHAPTER 6 The Business Offensive and the Retreat of the State 127 Introduction 127 The Commitment to Import-Substitution 129 Jettisoning Nationalization 132 Disciplinary Planning and the Business Offensive 137 The Institutional Outcome (1): The Planning Commission 146 The Institutional Outcome (2): The Filters on Discipline 152 PART III: Reproducing the State 159 CHAPTER 7 State Structure and Industrial Policy 161 Introduction 161 State Structure and Industrial Policy in Korea 164 State Structure and Industrial Policy in India 170 The Rationality of Non-Disciplinary Industrial Policy 183 CHAPTER 8 Locked in Place: Explaining the Non-Occurrence of Reform 193 Introduction 193 Existing Explanations for the Absence of Reform 194 The Crisis of 1957 and the Search for Solutions 196 The Attempt at Export Promotion 199 Agenda-Setting and the Declining Legitimacy of the Planning Process 206 The Reform Episode of the Mid-Sixties 212 CHAPTER 9 Conclusion 222 Bringing Capital "Back In" 222 Capital and the Developmental State 226 The Routes to and Obstacles against ELI 233 Of Possibilities and Roads Not Taken 239 EPILOGUE The Decline of Development Models 244 Korea: The Revolt against the Developmental State 245 India: The Gradual Implosion of ISI 248 Notes 255 Bibliography 309 Index 327