Taner Akcam, the first scholar of Turkish origin to publicly acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, holds the Kaloosdian and Mugar Chair in Armenian Genocide Studies at Clark University. His many books include A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility (Metropolitan Books).

Co-Winner of the 2013 Albert Hourani Book Award, Middle East Studies One of ForeignAffairs.com's Best Books on the Middle East for 2012 "Akcam has long courted controversy in Turkey, where he was jailed as a student activist in the 1970s before claiming asylum in Germany, but his intellectual courage is beyond question. Moreover, while Turkey's official account of what happened in 1915 is unchanged, Turkish public and intellectual opinion is now much more open to debate. This dispassionate, scholarly study is a valuable contribution to help that debate move on."--Delphine Strauss, Financial Times "[T]he fact that a Turkish historian with access to the Ottoman archives has written this book is of immeasurable significance."--Foreign Affairs "Akcam has long been the most vocal Turkish scholars regarding the Ottoman participation in genocidal acts against Armenians. Here, using Ottoman archival sources, the author makes his case that the Young Turk government had planned prior to WWI to remove the empire's Christian and no-Turkish Muslim population... The author's discussion of the removal and execution of the Armenians is extremely detailed and well documented, and his usage of Ottoman sources, although questioned by Turkish nationalist scholars, is a very important addition to the study of this issue."--Choice "[A] major breakthrough in the our understanding of the social engineering that led to the near destruction of the Armenians of Anatolia, and of the dual-track mechanism for organizing it that the Young Turks employed... [A] must for serious scholars of the Armenian Genocide."--John M. Evans, former U.S. Ambassador to Armenia (2004-2006), American Diplomacy "Taner Akcam's study represents a giant step forward. He produced a most important book, all the more so because the ideology of Islamism has endured, and most recently some of its outstanding proponents have seized power in the Middle East."--Dr. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Scholars for Peace in the Middle East "Taner Akcam's study represents a giant step forward. He produced a most important book, all the more so because the ideology of Islamism has endured, and most recently some of its outstanding proponents have seized power in the Middle East."--Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Jewish Political Studies Review "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity is an informative work whose usefulness is greatly enhanced by several well-drawn maps. Akcam draws upon rich archival sources--particularly the Prime Ministerial Ottoman Archive in Istanbul and the archives of the Ministry of the Interior, as well as Turkish court proceedings immediately after the war--to advance an argument about the deliberate 'demographic engineering' planned and implemented by the Ottoman state before and during the First World War."--Peter Gatrell, European Review of History "This book, an edited translation of the now outdated 2008 Turkish original, is a welcome addition to the scholarship."--Ugur Ungor, European History Quarterly "The book is a welcome addition to the scholarship on the Armenian genocide. Clearly structured ... the book offers some captivating discussions."--Ugur Umit Ungor, Journal of Ecclesiastical History "Akcam's impressive brick-by-brick dismantling of the official Turkish historiography will certainly become a landmark study of the Armenian Genocide and will help serve as yet another nail in the coffin of state-sponsored genocide negationism."--Artyom H. Tonoyan, Journal of Church and State "Taner Akcam's work is valuable in providing references for the relationship between the settlement policies of the CUP during WWI and the deportation policy against the non-Muslim population. It contains a great number of sources belonging to both Ottoman and foreign sources."--Hazal Duran, Insight Turkey "[T]his is a powerful and important contribution to many fields of study... I highly recommend this book to both specialists and generalists."--Kent F. Schull, Chicago Journals "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity is a welcome and important addition to the long list of books by Taner Akcam on the history of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey."--Yair Auron, European Legacy "This is an important book in that its evidence comes primarily from Ottoman documents produced by the perpetrators--sources that were previously thought to be either inaccessible or irrelevant to the issues."--Robert Melson, Holocaust and Genocide Studies

• Preface ix Guide to Ottoman Turkish Words and Names xxxvii Abbreviations xxxix CHAPTER ONE Ottoman Sources and the Question of Their Being Purged 1 CHAPTER TWO: The Plan for the Homogenization of Anatolia 29 CHAPTER THREE: The Aftermath of the Balkan Wars and the"Emptying" of Eastern Thrace and the Aegean Littoral in 1913-14 63 CHAPTER FOUR: The Transformation of Ottoman Policies toward the Ottoman Greeks during the First World War 97 CHAPTER FIVE: The Initial Phase of Anti-Armenian Policy 125 CHAPTER SIX: Final Steps in the Decision-Making Process 157 CHAPTER SEVEN: Interior Ministry Documents and the Intent to Annihilate 203 CHAPTER EIGHT: Demographic Policy and the Annihilation of the Armenians 227 CHAPTER NINE: Assimilation: The Conversion and Forced Marriage of Christian Children 287 CHAPTER TEN: The Question of Confi scated Armenian Property 341 ELEVEN Some Official Denialist Arguments of the Turkish State and Documents from the Ottoman Interior Ministry 373 CHAPTER TWELVE: Toward a Conclusion 449 Selected Bibliography 453 Index 471

Taner Akcam, the first scholar of Turkish origin to publicly acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, holds the Kaloosdian and Mugar Chair in Armenian Genocide Studies at Clark University. His many books include A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility (Metropolitan Books).

Co-Winner of the 2013 Albert Hourani Book Award, Middle East Studies One of ForeignAffairs.com's Best Books on the Middle East for 2012 "Akcam has long courted controversy in Turkey, where he was jailed as a student activist in the 1970s before claiming asylum in Germany, but his intellectual courage is beyond question. Moreover, while Turkey's official account of what happened in 1915 is unchanged, Turkish public and intellectual opinion is now much more open to debate. This dispassionate, scholarly study is a valuable contribution to help that debate move on."--Delphine Strauss, Financial Times "[T]he fact that a Turkish historian with access to the Ottoman archives has written this book is of immeasurable significance."--Foreign Affairs "Akcam has long been the most vocal Turkish scholars regarding the Ottoman participation in genocidal acts against Armenians. Here, using Ottoman archival sources, the author makes his case that the Young Turk government had planned prior to WWI to remove the empire's Christian and no-Turkish Muslim population... The author's discussion of the removal and execution of the Armenians is extremely detailed and well documented, and his usage of Ottoman sources, although questioned by Turkish nationalist scholars, is a very important addition to the study of this issue."--Choice "[A] major breakthrough in the our understanding of the social engineering that led to the near destruction of the Armenians of Anatolia, and of the dual-track mechanism for organizing it that the Young Turks employed... [A] must for serious scholars of the Armenian Genocide."--John M. Evans, former U.S. Ambassador to Armenia (2004-2006), American Diplomacy "Taner Akcam's study represents a giant step forward. He produced a most important book, all the more so because the ideology of Islamism has endured, and most recently some of its outstanding proponents have seized power in the Middle East."--Dr. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Scholars for Peace in the Middle East "Taner Akcam's study represents a giant step forward. He produced a most important book, all the more so because the ideology of Islamism has endured, and most recently some of its outstanding proponents have seized power in the Middle East."--Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Jewish Political Studies Review "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity is an informative work whose usefulness is greatly enhanced by several well-drawn maps. Akcam draws upon rich archival sources--particularly the Prime Ministerial Ottoman Archive in Istanbul and the archives of the Ministry of the Interior, as well as Turkish court proceedings immediately after the war--to advance an argument about the deliberate 'demographic engineering' planned and implemented by the Ottoman state before and during the First World War."--Peter Gatrell, European Review of History "This book, an edited translation of the now outdated 2008 Turkish original, is a welcome addition to the scholarship."--Ugur Ungor, European History Quarterly "The book is a welcome addition to the scholarship on the Armenian genocide. Clearly structured ... the book offers some captivating discussions."--Ugur Umit Ungor, Journal of Ecclesiastical History "Akcam's impressive brick-by-brick dismantling of the official Turkish historiography will certainly become a landmark study of the Armenian Genocide and will help serve as yet another nail in the coffin of state-sponsored genocide negationism."--Artyom H. Tonoyan, Journal of Church and State "Taner Akcam's work is valuable in providing references for the relationship between the settlement policies of the CUP during WWI and the deportation policy against the non-Muslim population. It contains a great number of sources belonging to both Ottoman and foreign sources."--Hazal Duran, Insight Turkey "[T]his is a powerful and important contribution to many fields of study... I highly recommend this book to both specialists and generalists."--Kent F. Schull, Chicago Journals "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity is a welcome and important addition to the long list of books by Taner Akcam on the history of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey."--Yair Auron, European Legacy "This is an important book in that its evidence comes primarily from Ottoman documents produced by the perpetrators--sources that were previously thought to be either inaccessible or irrelevant to the issues."--Robert Melson, Holocaust and Genocide Studies

• Preface ix Guide to Ottoman Turkish Words and Names xxxvii Abbreviations xxxix CHAPTER ONE Ottoman Sources and the Question of Their Being Purged 1 CHAPTER TWO: The Plan for the Homogenization of Anatolia 29 CHAPTER THREE: The Aftermath of the Balkan Wars and the"Emptying" of Eastern Thrace and the Aegean Littoral in 1913-14 63 CHAPTER FOUR: The Transformation of Ottoman Policies toward the Ottoman Greeks during the First World War 97 CHAPTER FIVE: The Initial Phase of Anti-Armenian Policy 125 CHAPTER SIX: Final Steps in the Decision-Making Process 157 CHAPTER SEVEN: Interior Ministry Documents and the Intent to Annihilate 203 CHAPTER EIGHT: Demographic Policy and the Annihilation of the Armenians 227 CHAPTER NINE: Assimilation: The Conversion and Forced Marriage of Christian Children 287 CHAPTER TEN: The Question of Confi scated Armenian Property 341 ELEVEN Some Official Denialist Arguments of the Turkish State and Documents from the Ottoman Interior Ministry 373 CHAPTER TWELVE: Toward a Conclusion 449 Selected Bibliography 453 Index 471

Taner Akcam, the first scholar of Turkish origin to publicly acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, holds the Kaloosdian and Mugar Chair in Armenian Genocide Studies at Clark University. His many books include A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility (Metropolitan Books).

Co-Winner of the 2013 Albert Hourani Book Award, Middle East Studies One of ForeignAffairs.com's Best Books on the Middle East for 2012 "Akcam has long courted controversy in Turkey, where he was jailed as a student activist in the 1970s before claiming asylum in Germany, but his intellectual courage is beyond question. Moreover, while Turkey's official account of what happened in 1915 is unchanged, Turkish public and intellectual opinion is now much more open to debate. This dispassionate, scholarly study is a valuable contribution to help that debate move on."--Delphine Strauss, Financial Times "[T]he fact that a Turkish historian with access to the Ottoman archives has written this book is of immeasurable significance."--Foreign Affairs "Akcam has long been the most vocal Turkish scholars regarding the Ottoman participation in genocidal acts against Armenians. Here, using Ottoman archival sources, the author makes his case that the Young Turk government had planned prior to WWI to remove the empire's Christian and no-Turkish Muslim population... The author's discussion of the removal and execution of the Armenians is extremely detailed and well documented, and his usage of Ottoman sources, although questioned by Turkish nationalist scholars, is a very important addition to the study of this issue."--Choice "[A] major breakthrough in the our understanding of the social engineering that led to the near destruction of the Armenians of Anatolia, and of the dual-track mechanism for organizing it that the Young Turks employed... [A] must for serious scholars of the Armenian Genocide."--John M. Evans, former U.S. Ambassador to Armenia (2004-2006), American Diplomacy "Taner Akcam's study represents a giant step forward. He produced a most important book, all the more so because the ideology of Islamism has endured, and most recently some of its outstanding proponents have seized power in the Middle East."--Dr. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Scholars for Peace in the Middle East "Taner Akcam's study represents a giant step forward. He produced a most important book, all the more so because the ideology of Islamism has endured, and most recently some of its outstanding proponents have seized power in the Middle East."--Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Jewish Political Studies Review "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity is an informative work whose usefulness is greatly enhanced by several well-drawn maps. Akcam draws upon rich archival sources--particularly the Prime Ministerial Ottoman Archive in Istanbul and the archives of the Ministry of the Interior, as well as Turkish court proceedings immediately after the war--to advance an argument about the deliberate 'demographic engineering' planned and implemented by the Ottoman state before and during the First World War."--Peter Gatrell, European Review of History "This book, an edited translation of the now outdated 2008 Turkish original, is a welcome addition to the scholarship."--Ugur Ungor, European History Quarterly "The book is a welcome addition to the scholarship on the Armenian genocide. Clearly structured ... the book offers some captivating discussions."--Ugur Umit Ungor, Journal of Ecclesiastical History "Akcam's impressive brick-by-brick dismantling of the official Turkish historiography will certainly become a landmark study of the Armenian Genocide and will help serve as yet another nail in the coffin of state-sponsored genocide negationism."--Artyom H. Tonoyan, Journal of Church and State "Taner Akcam's work is valuable in providing references for the relationship between the settlement policies of the CUP during WWI and the deportation policy against the non-Muslim population. It contains a great number of sources belonging to both Ottoman and foreign sources."--Hazal Duran, Insight Turkey "[T]his is a powerful and important contribution to many fields of study... I highly recommend this book to both specialists and generalists."--Kent F. Schull, Chicago Journals "The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity is a welcome and important addition to the long list of books by Taner Akcam on the history of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey."--Yair Auron, European Legacy "This is an important book in that its evidence comes primarily from Ottoman documents produced by the perpetrators--sources that were previously thought to be either inaccessible or irrelevant to the issues."--Robert Melson, Holocaust and Genocide Studies

• Preface ix Guide to Ottoman Turkish Words and Names xxxvii Abbreviations xxxix CHAPTER ONE Ottoman Sources and the Question of Their Being Purged 1 CHAPTER TWO: The Plan for the Homogenization of Anatolia 29 CHAPTER THREE: The Aftermath of the Balkan Wars and the"Emptying" of Eastern Thrace and the Aegean Littoral in 1913-14 63 CHAPTER FOUR: The Transformation of Ottoman Policies toward the Ottoman Greeks during the First World War 97 CHAPTER FIVE: The Initial Phase of Anti-Armenian Policy 125 CHAPTER SIX: Final Steps in the Decision-Making Process 157 CHAPTER SEVEN: Interior Ministry Documents and the Intent to Annihilate 203 CHAPTER EIGHT: Demographic Policy and the Annihilation of the Armenians 227 CHAPTER NINE: Assimilation: The Conversion and Forced Marriage of Christian Children 287 CHAPTER TEN: The Question of Confi scated Armenian Property 341 ELEVEN Some Official Denialist Arguments of the Turkish State and Documents from the Ottoman Interior Ministry 373 CHAPTER TWELVE: Toward a Conclusion 449 Selected Bibliography 453 Index 471