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      1. Naturvetenskap och teknik
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      Theoretical and Computational Seismology

      AvJeroen Tromp

      Inbunden, Engelska, 2025

      742 kr

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      E-bok

      1 036 kr

      Beskrivning

      An authoritative, self-contained reference text on theoretical and computational seismologyOver the past several decades, computational advances have revolutionized seismology, making it possible to simulate seismic wave propagation in complex Earth models and create detailed images of the planet’s interior. This cutting-edge text introduces students and scholars to the fundamentals, techniques, and applications of this exciting field of research and discovery.After establishing a strong foundation in continuum mechanics, the book presents the fundamentals of theoretical seismology, providing a basis for subsequent forward and inverse modeling grounded in numerical methods, and then focuses on computational seismology, investigating numerical solutions to seismic wave equations. The adjoint-state method is covered next, along with applications of this technique to waveform inversions across scales, after which the book concludes with a set of appendixes that provide a primer to differential geometry and tensor calculus, which are used throughout the book to explain the fundamental concepts of deformation, strain, and stress from both Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives. Including over 150 student-tested exercises, the book is an essential resource for motivated students and scholars seeking to master the state of the art of theoretical and computational seismology.Establishes a strong foundation through a geometric analysis of continuum mechanicsReveals how linearizing the resulting equations of motion enables the simulation of seismic wave propagation across nine decades of frequencies and wavelengthsDemonstrates how to leverage the capabilities of simulations to create detailed tomographic images from the information embedded in seismographic recordingsCovers diverse application areas, including seismology, helioseismology, underwater acoustics, medical imaging, and nondestructive testingFeatures a wealth of exercises (with online solutions)Includes a comprehensive set of appendixes on differential geometry and tensor calculusAn ideal textbook for graduate students studying theoretical seismology, computational seismology, or optimization and inverse problemsAn essential reference for researchers and scholars

      Produktinformation

      • Utgivningsdatum:2025-07-01
      • Mått:203 x 254 x 38 mm
      • Vikt:2 019 g
      • Format:Inbunden
      • Språk:Engelska
      • Antal sidor:600
      • Förlag:Princeton University Press
      • ISBN:9780691267968

      Utforska kategorier

      • Geovetenskap inom Naturvetenskap och teknik
      • Referensverk och tvärvetenskap inom Samhälle och politik
      • Tillämpad fysik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

      Mer om författaren

      Jeroen Tromp is the Blair Professor of Geology and Professor of Applied and Computational Mathematics at Princeton University. His books include A Geometrical Introduction to Tensor Calculus and (with F. A. Dahlen) Theoretical Global Seismology (both Princeton).

      Innehållsförteckning

      • PrefaceHow to Use This BookI CONTINUUM MECHANICS1 Kinematics1.1 Motion1.1.1 Compatibility1.2 Vectors: Material Velocity1.3 One-Forms1.3.1 Duality Product1.4 Tensors1.5 Covariant Derivative1.5.1 Evolution of Connection Coefficients1.6 Metric1.6.1 Covariant Derivative of the Metric1.7 Deformation Rate and Vorticity1.8 Lie Derivative1.9 Euler Derivative1.10 Material Derivative1.11 Corotational Material Derivative1.12 Levi-Civita Density and Capacity1.13 Levi-Civita Pseudotensor and Volume Form1.14 Pullback and Pushforward1.15 Volumes1.16 Jacobian of the Motion1.17 Surfaces1.18 Reynolds Transport Theorem1.18.1 Lagrangian Version1.19 Conservation of Mass1.19.1 Lagrangian Version1.20 Strain1.20.1 Deformation Gradient Tensor1.20.2 Cauchy--Green Tensor1.20.3 Stretch Tensor1.20.4 Lagrangian or Material Strain Tensor1.20.5 Eulerian or Almansi Strain Tensor1.20.6 Logarithmic or Hencky Strain Tensor1.20.7 Seth--Hill Strain Tensors1.20.8 Arguments for Logarithmic Strain1.20.9 Logarithmic Strain Rate1.20.10 Strain as a Two-Vector2 Dynamics2.1 Stress2.1.1 Cauchy Stress Tensor2.1.2 Kirchhoff Stress Tensor2.1.3 Second Piola--Kirchhoff Stress2.1.4 First Piola--Kirchhoff Stress2.2 Thermodynamics2.2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics2.2.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics2.2.3 Helmholtz Free Energy2.2.4 Elasticity2.2.5 Material Frame Indifference2.3 Constitutive Relationships2.3.1 Truesdell Stress Rate2.3.2 Logarithmic Stress Rate2.3.3 Viscosity2.4 Hamilton’s Principle2.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum2.6 Noether’s Theorem2.6.1 Conservation of Linear Momentum (Revisited)2.6.2 Conservation of Angular Momentum2.6.3 Conservation of Energy2.7 Rotation2.7.1 Centrifugal Potential2.8 Self-Gravitation2.8.1 Poisson’s Equation2.8.2 Gravitational Energy2.8.3 Action Due to Gravity2.9 Navier--Stokes Equations2.10 Equations of Motion in Terms of DisplacementContinuum Mechanics Glossary3 Defects3.1 Integrability3.2 Compatible Motion3.3 Tetrad Formalism3.4 Connection3.5 Metric3.6 Torsion and Curvature3.6.1 Eulerian Description3.6.2 Lagrangian Description: Incompatibilities3.7 Nonmetricity3.8 Application to Defects3.8.1 Lagrangian Dynamics of Defects3.8.2 Mixed Dynamics of Defects3.8.3 Four-Dimensional Kinematics of Defects3.8.4 Incompatibilities3.9 Alternative Approach Based on a Referential Manifold3.10 Three-Dimensional Dynamics and Kinematics of Defects3.10.1 Three-Dimensional Incompatibilities3.10.2 Burgers and Frank Vectors3.11 Variational Approach3.11.1 Properties of the 4D Volume Form3.11.2 Material Geometry Action3.11.3 Defect Action3.11.4 Defect Field Equations3.11.5 Anatomy of the Defect Hypermomentum Current3.11.6 Anatomy of the Lagrangian Connection Coefficients3.11.7 Defect Dynamics3.11.8 Metricity3.11.9 Linear Defect Equations3.11.10 Three-Dimensional Defect Equations3.12 Continuum Mechanics with Spin3.12.1 Anatomy of the Stress-Energy and Spin Tensors3.12.2 Classical Conservation Laws with Spin3.12.3 Stress and Couple-Stress GlutsII Seismology4 Linearized Equations of Motion4.1 Simplified Notation4.2 Infinitesimal Strain4.3 Constitutive Relationship without Prestress4.4 Elastic Wave Equation4.4.1 Plane-Wave Solutions4.4.2 Weak Form4.5 Acoustic Wave Equation4.5.1 Weak Form4.6 Earthquake Fault4.6.1 Ideal Fault4.6.2 Earthquake Source Contribution4.7 Betti Reciprocal Relation4.7.1 Reciprocity4.7.2 Volterra Representation Theorem4.7.3 Fault Slip4.8 Moment Tensor4.8.1 Ideal Fault4.8.2 Beach Balls4.8.3 Source-Time Function4.9 Seismology with Spin4.9.1 Alternative Approach4.9.2 Homogeneous Medium4.9.3 Couple-Moment Tensor4.10 Equilibrium State4.10.1 Hydrostatic Earth Model4.10.2 Spherically Symmetric Earth Model4.10.3 Ellipticity4.11 Density Perturbations4.12 Gravity Perturbations4.13 Constitutive Relationship with Prestress4.14 Displacement Variational Principle4.15 Displacement-Potential Variational Principle4.16 Elastic Tensor Selection4.17 Fluid Regions4.17.1 Potential Formulation4.18 Quasi-Hydrostatic Approximation4.19 Generalized Betti Reciprocal Relation4.19.1 Generalized Reciprocity4.19.2 Generalized Volterra Representation Theorem4.20 Idealized Seismometer Response4.21 Weak Global Equations of Motion4.22 Cowling Approximation4.23 Ocean-Load Approximation4.24 Global Body-Wave Propagation4.25 Seismic Noise4.25.1 Noise Cross-Correlation5 Anelasticity and Attenuation5.1 Creep and Stress Relaxation Functions5.2 Springs and Dashpots5.3 Standard Linear Solid5.4 Linear Combination of Standard Linear Solids5.5 Linear Viscoelasticity5.5.1 Maxwell Rheology5.6 Constant-Q Absorption Band Model5.7 ViscoacousticsSeismology GlossaryIII Forward Problems6 Strong Methods6.1 Finite-Difference Method6.1.1 Taylor Series and Finite Differences6.1.2 Homogeneous Wave Equation6.1.3 Inhomogeneous Wave Equation6.1.4 Grid Dispersion6.1.5 Staggered Grids6.1.6 Shallow-Water Waves6.1.7 Grid Anisotropy6.1.8 Heat Equation6.2 Pseudospectral Method6.2.1 Fourier Transform6.2.2 Velocity-Stress Wave Equation6.2.3 Grid Dispersion7 Weak Methods7.1 Rayleigh--Ritz Method7.1.1 Coupled-Mode Method7.1.2 Direct-Solution Method7.2 Boundary-Element Method7.3 Finite-Element Method7.3.1 Static Heat Equation7.3.2 Dynamic Heat Equation7.3.3 Generalized Trapezoidal Time Scheme7.3.4 Local-Element Method7.3.5 General Finite-Element Method7.4 Spectral-Element Method7.4.1 Dynamic Heat Equation7.4.2 Wave Equation7.4.3 Newmark Time Scheme7.4.4 General Spectral-Element Method7.4.5 3D Seismic Wave Equation7.4.6 Absorbing Boundary Conditions7.4.7 Attenuation7.4.8 Compact Notation7.4.9 Hexahedral Meshing7.4.10 Cubed Sphere7.4.11 Global Wave Propagation Simulations7.4.12 Normal-Mode Benchmarks7.5 Discontinuous Galerkin Method7.6 Infinite-Element Method7.7 Spectral-Infinite-Element Method7.7.1 Self-Gravitation7.7.2 Coseismic and Post-Earthquake Deformation7.7.3 Examples7.7.4 Full-Gravity Global Wave Propagation Simulations7.7.5 Idealized Seismometer ResponseIV Inverse Problems8 Adjoint-State Method8.1 Born Approximation8.1.1 Unperturbed Equations of Motion8.1.2 Perturbed Equations of Motion8.2 Waveform Tomography8.3 Adjoint Equations8.4 Lagrange Multiplier Method8.5 Traveltime Tomography8.5.1 Banana-Doughnut Kernels8.5.2 Cross-Correlation Traveltime Misfit Kernels8.5.3 Differential-Traveltime Tomography8.6 Amplitude Tomography8.7 Attenuation8.8 Generic Tomography8.9 Point-Source Perturbations8.10 Topography on Internal Discontinuities8.11 Source Encoding8.11.1 Encoded Forward Wavefield8.11.2 Source-Encoded Inversion8.11.3 Fréchet Derivatives8.11.4 Attenuation8.11.5 Laplace-Domain Source Encoding8.12 Interferometry8.12.1 Noise Cross-Correlation Tomography9 Optimization9.1 Preliminaries9.2 Model Parameter Selection9.3 Objective Function9.4 Bayesian Inference9.4.1 Linear Inverse Problems9.5 Local Optimization9.5.1 Secant Method9.5.2 Steepest Descent Method9.5.3 Conjugate-Gradient Method9.5.4 Variable Metric Method9.5.5 DFP Method9.5.6 BFGS Method9.5.7 L-BFGS Method9.6 Preconditioning9.7 Regularization9.7.1 Tikhonov Regularization9.7.2 Total Variation Regularization9.7.3 Projection9.7.4 Smoothing9.7.5 Level-Set Methods9.8 Multiscale Inversion9.9 Line Search9.9.1 Bracketing Line Search9.9.2 Backtracking Line Search9.10 Point-Spread Function9.11 Uncertainty Quantification9.11.1 Exploration Seismology9.11.2 Global SeismologyIntroduction to the AppendicesA Linear Spaces and TransformationsA.1 Properties of Linear SpacesA.2 Vector SpacesA.3 Linear TransformationsB Differentiable ManifoldsB.1 Charts and CoordinatesB.2 DefinitionB.3 Local Coordinate ChangesB.4 Functions on ManifoldsB.5 Orientable ManifoldsC Vectors and One-FormsC.1 VectorsC.1.1 Vectors as Tangents to CurvesC.1.2 Bases and CoordinatesC.1.3 Vector FieldC.1.4 TransformationsC.2 One-FormsC.2.1 DualityC.2.2 BasesC.2.3 TransformationsC.3 Alternative PerspectiveC.4 Lie BracketD TensorsD.1 DefinitionD.2 Operations on TensorsD.2.1 AdditionD.2.2 Tensor ProductD.2.3 ContractionD.2.4 Transpose of (2,0) and (0,2) TensorsD.2.5 Transpose of a (1,1) TensorD.3 TransformationsD.3.1 Tetrad FormalismD.3.2 PseudotensorsD.4 Kronecker or Identity TensorD.5 Logarithms and Exponentials of (1,1) TensorsD.6 Tensor Densities and CapacitiesD.6.1 Pseudotensor Densities and CapacitiesD.7 Levi-Civita Density and CapacityD.7.1 Cross ProductD.8 Determinant of Rank-2 tensorsD.9 Inverse of Rank-2 TensorsD.10 Metric TensorD.10.1 FormulationD.10.2 Geometrical MeaningD.10.3 Norm of Vectors and One-FormsD.10.4 Metric in TetradsD.11 Adjoint of a (1,1) TensorD.12 Tensor Densities and Capacities RevisitedD.13 Levi-Civita PseudotensorD.13.1 Cross ProductD.14 Kronecker DeterminantsD.15 RotationsD.15.1 Euler AnglesD.15.2 Rodrigues’s FormulaE Maps between ManifoldsE.1 MapsE.2 Maps between Manifolds of Different DimensionsE.2.1 PullbackE.2.2 PushforwardE.3 Maps between Manifolds of the Same DimensionsF Differentiation on ManifoldsF.1 Covariant DerivativeF.1.1 FormulationF.1.2 Transformation of Connection CoefficientsF.1.3 DivergenceF.1.4 Parallel TransportF.1.5 Torsion and Curvature TensorsF.1.6 Bianchi IdentitiesF.1.7 Torsion-Free ConnectionF.1.8 Covariant Derivative of the Metric TensorF.1.9 Mixed Covariant Derivative in Tetrad BasisF.1.10 Spin ConnectionF.1.11 Contracted Bianchi IdentitiesF.1.12 Covariant Derivative of Tensor Densities and CapacitiesF.1.13 NonmetricityF.2 Euler DerivativeF.3 Lie DerivativeF.3.1 Lie Derivative of VectorsF.3.2 Geometrical InterpretationF.3.3 Autonomous Lie DerivativeF.3.4 Lie Derivative of One-FormsF.3.5 Lie Derivative of (p,q) TensorsF.3.6 Lie Derivative of FunctionsF.3.7 Lie Derivative of Metric TensorsF.3.8 Lie Derivative of Levi-Civita TensorG Differential FormsG.1 DefinitionG.2 Operations on FormsG.2.1 AdditionG.2.2 Exterior ProductG.2.3 Interior ProductG.3 k-VectorsG.4 Hodge DualG.5 VolumesG.5.1 PropertiesG.6 SurfacesG.7 Exterior DerivativeG.7.1 Coordinate-Free DefinitionG.7.2 Cartesian ExamplesG.7.3 Exact FormsG.7.4 Commutativity with Pullback and PushforwardG.8 Lie Derivative of a FormG.9 Vector- and Tensor-Valued FormsG.9.1 Transformations of Tensor-Valued FormsG.9.2 Operations on Tensor-Valued FormsG.9.3 Connection One-FormsG.9.4 Torsion Two-FormsG.9.5 Exterior Covariant DerivativeG.9.6 Covariant Lie DerivativeG.9.7 Curvature Two-FormsG.9.8 Commutator of Covariant Lie and Exterior Covariant DerivativesG.9.9 Bianchi Identities RevisitedG.9.10 Nonmetricity RevisitedG.10 Integration of FormsG.10.1 Line IntegralsG.10.2 Surface IntegralsG.10.3 Volume IntegralsG.11 Generalized Stokes’s TheoremG.11.1 Fundamental Theorem of CalculusG.11.2 Green’s TheoremG.11.3 Gauss’s TheoremG.11.4 Stokes’s TheoremG.11.5 Variational PrinciplesG.11.6 Noether’s TheoremAppendix GlossaryBibliographyAuthor IndexIndex
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